European Drug Policies The Ways of Reform

Description

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- European drug policies in context -- European drug policies in historical context -- European powers in international drug policy -- European Union drug policy -- Diversity of European domestic drug policies -- Convergence of European drug policies -- Purpose and structure of the book -- References -- PART I: Regional dimensions of European drug policies -- 1. The politics of expertise and EU drug policy -- The EU and drugs: policy, but not as we know it -- Experts, drugs and European policy: a long view -- Epistemic communities: a brief outline -- Contemporary patterns: back to the future? -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. Pathways to integration of European drug policy -- Introduction -- Policy integration and the European Union -- Integration and drug policy -- Pathways to integration -- Conclusion -- References -- 3. The soft power of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction -- Introduction -- EMCDDA: independence under control -- Providing expertise: between political constraints and the demands of science -- Conclusion -- References -- PART II: Domestic drug policies in Europe -- 4. Belgian drug policy -- Introduction -- Belgian drug regulation at the beginning of the twentieth century: A course clearly dictated by international law -- The gradual construction of a social problématique related to drug consumption -- Security as a factor of criminalisation and as resistance to the decriminalisation of behaviours surrounding drug use -- Health policies, from a security perspective, in the shadow of the criminal justice system -- Conclusion -- References -- 5. Danish drug policy -- Danish drug policy before the welfare state Drug misuse as a social and criminological problem -- Youth drugs and the welfare state: a normal social problem -- Policy responses to the new drug problem -- Methadone, the 'old drug abuser', and the introduction of harm reduction in Denmark -- Medicalisation of drug treatment -- Criminalisation of drug users -- Harm reduction -- Sick and deviant drug users -- Conclusion -- References -- 6. French drug policy -- Introduction -- History of drug law and national policy framework -- Policy discussions and drug reform initiatives -- Conclusion -- References -- 7. German drug policy -- Introduction -- History of German drug policy -- Present legal framework -- Drivers of change and conservative forces in current policy -- How can drug policy be explained? Modernity's deep unconscious fear of intoxication -- References -- 8. Italian drug policy -- The origins of drug legislation and the shift to prohibition -- From the 1970s to the 1990s: the mild approach versus the moral model -- Criminalisation versus treatment? The ambiguities of the social solidarity approach -- The victimisation of the drug addict -- The introduction of harm reduction -- After the referendum (1993-2006): lessons learnt from the decriminalisation experience -- The second punitive shift (2006-2014) -- Drug policy reformers break the stalemate? -- References -- 9. Drug policy in the Netherlands -- Introduction -- History and legal framework of Dutch drug policy -- Recent Dutch drug policy (1995-present): continuity and change -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 10. Polish drug policy -- Introduction -- Drug use in Poland -- Drug policy setting institutions and expenditures -- Polish drug legislation -- Shaping Poland's current drug policy -- References -- 11. Portuguese drug policy -- Introduction -- History of drug law and policy -- Existing legal framework Drivers of change -- Conclusion -- References -- 12. Spanish drug policy -- History -- Current framework regarding drug consumption, possession and trafficking -- References -- 13. Swedish drug policy -- Framing the problem -- Drug policy design -- Treatment of drug users -- Harm reduction programmes -- Discussion -- References -- 14. Swiss drug policy -- A drug policy like any other: 1920-1975 -- The building up of a drugs crisis: 1975-1985 -- Drug policy change: 1985-1995 -- The (incomplete) institutionalisation of the new policy: 1995-2005 -- Institutionalisation at last and the ongoing cannabis debate: 2005-present -- Understanding Switzerland's drug policy change -- References -- 15. Drug policy in the United Kingdom -- Introduction -- Twentieth-century history of drug law and policy -- Trends in drug use -- Legal framework, sentencing and policing practices -- Drivers of continuity and change -- Indicators of policy success and failure -- Conclusion -- References -- PART III: Trends and prospects in European drug policies -- 16. Changing paradigms in drug policies in EU Member States: from digression to convergence -- Introduction -- Approach -- Three key convergence trends -- The process: convergence of policies -- The content: changing paradigms -- Key contextual factors -- Stakeholders -- Conclusions -- References -- 17. The changing face of harm reduction in Europe -- Introduction -- The pioneer years -- Mainstreaming and scaling up -- Consolidation and diversification -- Challenges for the future -- Conclusion -- References -- 18. Legal responses to drug possession in Europe: from crime to public health -- Introduction -- Reducing the criminal justice approach -- The public health approach -- From criminal justice to public health: the different journeys -- New psychoactive substances and new responses? -- Discussion -- References 19. Cannabis social clubs in Europe: prospects and limits -- Introduction -- CSCs in Europe and elsewhere: different contexts and practices -- Unclear legal status of the CSCs -- CSCs as an alternative model for supply -- Cannabis social clubs: prospects and limits -- Concluding reflections -- References -- Index  Read more... Foreword, Ruth Dreifuss European Drug Policies in Context, Henri Bergeron & Renaud Colson I. Regional Dimension of European Drug Policies The Politics of Expertise and EU Drug Policy, Martin Elvins Pathways to Integration of European Drug Policy, Caroline Chatwin The Soft Power of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Henri Bergeron II. Domestic Drug Policies in Europe Belgium Drug Policy, Christine Guilain Danish Drug Policy, Esben Houborg Dutch Drug Policy, Jean-Paul Grund & Joost Breeksema, French Drug Policy, Ivana Obradovic German Drug Policy, Tilmann Holzer Italian Drug Policy, Grazia Zuffa Polish Drug Policy, Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch Portuguese Drug Policy, Caitlin Hughes Spanish Drug Policy, Cristina Diaz Gomez & Martin Gonzales Swedish Drug Policy, Johan Edman Swiss Drug Policy, Frank Zobel United-Kingdom Drug Policy, Susanne MacGregor III. Trends and Prospects in European Drug Policies Changing Paradigms in Drug Policies in EU Member States: From Digression to Convergence, Franz Trautmann The Changing Face of Harm Reduction in Europe, Dagmar Hedrich & Alessandro Pirona Drug Possession Laws in Europe: From Criminal Justice to Public Health, Brendan Hughes Cannabis Social Clubs in Europe: Prospects and Limits, Tom Decorte & Mafalda Pardal