Religion, Power, and the Rise of Shinto in Early Modern Japan

Description

This book sheds new light on the relationship between religion and state in early modern Japan, and demonstrates the growing awareness of Shinto in both the political and the intellectual elite of Tokugawa Japan, even though Buddhism remained the privileged means of stately religious control. The first part analyses how the Tokugawa government aimed to control the populace via Buddhism and at the same time submitted Buddhism to the sacralization of the Tokugawa dynasty. The second part focuses on the religious protests throughout the entire period, with chapters on the suppression of Christians, heterodox Buddhist sects, and unwanted folk practitioners. The third part tackles the question of why early Tokugawa Confucianism was particularly interested in “Shinto” as an alternative to Buddhism and what “Shinto” actually meant from a Confucian stance. The final part of the book explores attempts to curtail the institutional power of Buddhism by reforming Shinto shrines, an important step in the so called “Shintoization of shrines” including the development of a self-contained Shinto clergy. Cover page Halftitle page Series page Title page Copyright page Contents Illustrations Preface Editorial Conventions Introduction Tokugawa Religious Orthopraxy and the Phenomenon of Domain Shinto Religious Orthopraxy and its Challenges: The Chapters within This Volume Domain Shinto Conclusion Part One Tokugawa Orthopraxy 1 Anti-Christian Temple Certification (terauke) in Early Modern Japan Establishment, Practice, and Challenges The Establishment of Temple Certification The Practice of Temple Certification Challenges to Temple Certification Epilogue 2 Ieyasu’s Posthumous Title and the Tokugawa Discourse on “Divine Country” The Discourse on the “Divine Country” and its Development The shinkoku Discourse of the “Holders of the Realm” The Significance of Ieyasu’s Divine Title Shinkoku in Tōshōgū Ritualism Epilogue Part Two Unwanted Religious Groups 3 Anti-Christian Measures in Nagasaki During the Early Edo Period (1614–44) The Destruction of Christian Institutions The Appropriation of Christian Space Buddhist Temples in the Anti-Christian Policy The Establishment of Buddhist Temples The Establishment of Shinto Shrines Shrines in the Anti-Christian Policy Conclusion 4 When the Lotus Went Underground The Nichiren Buddhist Fujufuse Movement and Its Early Modern Persecution A Controversy Emerges The Great Buddha Memorial Rites and Nichiō’s Dissent The Conflict Moves East Accommodationist Attacks and Fujufuse Resistance The Kanbun-Era Persecution Conclusion 5 “Deviant Practices” and “Strange Acts” Late Tokugawa Judicial Perspectives on Heteropraxy Rules and Precedents Propagation of Deviant Practices: Hiji Hōmon Charlatanry and Clerical Imprecations The Kirishitan Issue Conclusion Part Three Intellectual Challenges 6 Shinto as a Quasi-Confucian Ideology Religious Policies in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century The Ideology behind the Shrine Regulations and the Resurrection of Ancient Shrines Reconsidering the Unity of Shinto and Confucianism: Shinto as Martial Confucianism The Formative Process of Quasi-Confucianism Conclusion 7 Buddhist-Confucian Polemics and the Position of Shinto Polemics The Position of Shinto Conclusions 8 Ikeda Mitsumasa and Confucian Ritual Phase 1: Mitsumasa’s Early Engagement with Shingaku Phase 2: Mitsumasa’s Evolving Approach to Governance Phase 3: Public Shift of Confucian Sectarian Allegiance Phase 4: Converting the Okayama Domain—Religious Reform, Confucian Education, Ritual, and the Peasantry Phase 5: Tsunamasa’s Change of Style Conclusion 9 Calendars and Graves Shibukawa Harumi’s Criticism of Hoshina Masayuki and Yamazaki Ansai Introduction: The Calendar Reform of Shibukawa Harumi The Salon of Hoshina Masayuki History of the Chinese Calendar The Nihon chōreki Funerals and Cemeteries Harumi’s Criticism Final Considerations Part Four Institutional Challenges 10 Shinto in the 1660s and 1670s The Shrine Clauses of 1665 as an Expression of Domain Shinto The Shrine Clauses and the Control of “Faith” Izumo Hie Conclusion 11 Domain Shinto and shintō-uke in Okayama-han Introduction: A Reappraisal of Shinto Shrines in Early Tokugawa Japan Initial Reforms: Destruction of Shrines Steps toward an Alternative Mode of Religious Certifi cation Buddhist Persecution in Okayama The Implementation of shintō-uke Certification Matsuoka Ichinosuke’s Role in Establishing hanryō shint ō in Okayama Concluding Remarks 12 “Kami is kami, Buddha is Buddha” Religious Policies in Mito Domain in the Later Seventeenth Century Measures against Buddhist Temples Shintoization of Shrines Hachiman aratame: Measures Against Hachiman Shrines The Development of Non-Buddhist Funerals in Mito Conclusion 13 Shinto Priests and the Yoshida in Izumi Province The Case of Ōiseki Shrine The Case of Ikeda Kasuga Shrine Benefits and Costs of Yoshida Affiliation Conclusion 14 Competing Claims for the Faith and Affiliation of Shrine Priests The Shirakawa, Yoshida, and Hirata Atsutane Hirata Atsutane and the Shirakawa House Hirata Atsutane and the Yoshida House Conflicts over Priests Switching Affiliation in Mikawa Conclusion Notes References Contributors Index