Design Aids for Offshore Topside Platforms Under Special Loads

Description

Offshore platforms face many risks, including a hostile ocean environment, extreme temperatures, overpressure loads, fire risks, and hydrocarbon explosions, all of which pose unique challenges in designing their topside platforms. The topside design also involves the selection of appropriate materials to reduce fire risk without compromising the functional requirements. These platforms serve valuable, utility, production, and processing purposes, and can also provide living quarters for personnel. Concepts such as basic design, special design, materials selection, and risk hazards are explained in the authors' straightforward classroom style, and are based on their rich experience in both academia and industry. Features • Includes practical examples which are solved using international codes to offer a better understanding of the subjects presented • Addresses safety and risk of offshore platforms, and considers numerous topside accident scenarios • Discusses the structural and mechanical properties of various materials, such as steel and newer functionally graded materials (FGMs) Design Aids for Offshore Topside Platforms Under Special Loads serves as a design manual for multi-disciplinary engineering graduates and practicing professionals working in civil, mechanical, offshore, naval, and petroleum engineering fields. In addition, the book will serve as reference manual for practicing design engineers and risk assessors. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface About the Authors Chapter 1 Materials and Loads on Topside 1.1 Offshore Topside: Loads and Analysis Methods 1.2 Geometric Configuration 1.3 Materials 1.3.1 Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing 1.4 Wind and Blast Loads 1.5 Impact Load 1.6 Modal Analysis 1.7 Pushover Analysis 1.8 FEED: Basics 1.9 Essentials of FEED 1.10 Basic Engineering Requirements of FEED 1.11 Factors Influencing Design of Topside 1.12 Advanced Level in FEED Studies 1.12.1 Plant Design and Model Studies 1.13 EPC Execution Planning 1.14 Overall FEED Phases 1.15 Axial Force-Bending Moment Interaction 1.15.1 Properties of Concrete 1.16 Mathematical Development of P-M Interaction 1.17 Example Studies and Discussions 1.18 Fire Load 1.19 Classification of Fire 1.19.1 Pool Fire 1.19.2 Jet Fire 1.19.3 Fireball 1.19.4 Flash Fire 1.20 Steel at Elevated Temperature 1.21 Fire Load on Topside 1.21.1 Time-Temperature Behavior 1.22 Parametric Fire Curve Credits Exercise Chapter 2 Basic Design Guidelines 2.1 Design Methods and Guidelines 2.2 Design Loads 2.2.1 Dead Loads 2.2.2 Live Loads 2.3 Design Stages 2.3.1 Static In-Place Analysis 2.3.2 Load-Out Analysis 2.3.3 Lifting Analysis 2.3.4 Transportation Analysis 2.3.5 Analysis of Miscellaneous Items 2.4 Weight Control 2.5 Numerical Tools 2.6 Design Considerations 2.6.1 Design Acceptance Criteria 2.7 Design Methods 2.8 Plastic Design 2.8.1 Shape Factor 2.8.2 Depth of Elastic Core 2.9 Shape Factors Used in Offshore Topside 2.10 Moment-Curvature Relationship 2.11 Load Factor 2.12 Stability of the Structural System 2.13 Euler’s Critical Load 2.14 Standard Beam Element, Neglecting Axial Deformation 2.14.1 Rotational Coefficients 2.15 Stability Functions under Axial Compression 2.15.1 Rotation Functions 2.15.2 Rotation Functions under Zero Axial Load 2.15.3 Rotation Functions under Axial Tensile Load 2.15.4 Translation Function under Axial Compressive Load 2.16 Lateral Load Functions under Uniformly Distributed Load 2.17 Fixed Beam under Tensile Axial Load 2.18 Lateral Load Functions for Concentrated Load 2.19 Exercise Problems on Stability Analysis Using MATLAB® 2.20 Critical Buckling Load Chapter 3 Special Design Guidelines 3.1 Thin-Walled Sections 3.1.1 Torsion in Open, Thin-Walled Section 3.2 Buckling 3.2.1 Global Buckling Modes 3.3 Lateral-Torsional Buckling 3.4 Mechanisms behind LTB 3.4.1 Torsional Effect 3.5 Measurements against LTB 3.5.1 Effects of the Point of Application of Load 3.5.2 Effects of Lateral Restraint on LTB 3.6 Behavior of Real Beam 3.6.1 Factors Causing Reduction of Capacity 3.7 LTB Design Procedure 3.7.1 Three-Factor Formula for Mcr 3.7.2 Moment Correction Factors (C1, C2, and C3) 3.8 Design Check for LTB 3.8.1 General Method 3.8.2 Buckling Curves 3.8.3 Alternative Method 3.9 Example of LTB Using Euro Code Estimation of maximum bending moment, MED Steel section properties (referred UK steel sections) Yield strength of steel grade S275 Section classification Calculation of section moment of resistance, Mb, Rd Stability Check against LTB 3.10 Design Check for LTB Using Indian Code (IS 800-2007) 3.11 Unsymmetrical Bending 3.11.1 Bending Stresses under Unsymmetrical Bending Exercises Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 MATLAB Code Output Example 4 MATLAB Code Output Example 5 3.12 Curved Beams 3.12.1 Bending for Small Initial Curvature 3.12.2 Deflection for Small Initial Curvature 3.12.3 Curved Beams with Large Initial Curvature Sign convention 3.12.4 Simplified Equations Exercise problems Example 1 MATLAB Code Output Example 2 MATLAB Code Output Example 3 MATLAB Code Output Example 4 MATLAB Code Output Exercise Chapter 4 Risk, Reliability, and Safety Assessment 4.1 Background for Reliability Assessment 4.2 Overview of Safety 4.3 Lessons Learned from the Past 4.4 Role of Safety in Offshore Plants 4.4.1 Risk and Safety 4.4.2 Measurement of Accident or Loss 4.5 Quantitative Risk Analysis 4.5.1 Logical Risk Analysis 4.6 Risk Assessment 4.6.1 Chemical Risk Assessment 4.6.2 Application Issues of Risk Assessment 4.7 Safety in Design and Operation 4.7.1 Offshore Hazards 4.8 Organizing Safety 4.8.1 Hazard Groups 4.9 Hazard Evaluation and Control 4.9.1 Hazard Evaluation 4.9.2 Hazard Control 4.10 Quantitative Risk Assessment 4.10.1 Initiating Events 4.10.2 Cause Analysis 4.11 Fault Tree Analysis 4.11.1 Probability of Final Event 4.11.2 Analysis Using the Fault Tree Method 4.12 Event Tree Analysis 4.13 Risk Characterization 4.13.1 Principles of Risk Characterization 4.14 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 4.14.1 Failure Mode Effect Analysis Variables 4.15 Risk Acceptance Criterion 4.15.1 UK Regulations 4.15.2 Acceptable Risk 4.16 Reliability 4.17 Importance of Reliability Estimates 4.17.1 Types of Uncertainties 4.18 Formulation of the Reliability Problem 4.18.1 Time-Invariant Problem 4.18.2 Time-Variant Problem 4.18.3 Reliability Framework 4.19 Ultimate Limit State and Reliability Approach 4.20 Levels of Reliability 4.21 Reliability Methods 4.21.1 First-Order Second-Moment (FOSM) Method 4.21.2 Advanced FOSM Method Exercise Bibliography Index