Chemistry of hazardous materials /

Description

Cover Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Why Must Emergency Responders Study Chemistry? 1.2 General Characteristics of Hazardous Materials 1.3 NFPA Classes of Fire 1.3-A: NFPA Class A Fire 1.3-B: NFPA Class B Fire 1.3-C: NFPA Class C Fire 1.3-D: NFPA Class D Fire 1.3-E: NFPA Class K Fire 1.4 Hazardous Substances Within Consumer Products 1.4-A: Federal Hazardous Substances Act 1.4-B: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1.4-C: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 1.4-D: Toxic Substances Control Act 1.5 Hazardous Constituents of Pollutants and Wastes 1.5-A: Clean Air Act 1.5-B: Federal Water Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1.5-C: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1.5-D: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 1.6 Hazardous Chemicals Within the Workplace 1.6-A: Warning Labels 1.6-B: Material Safety Data Sheets 1.7 Hazardous Materials in Transit 1.8 Global Harmonization 1.9 Hazardous Substances Within Communities 1.10 NFPA System of Identifying Potential Hazards 1.11 CHEMTREC 1.12 National Response Center Review Exercises Chapter 2: Features of Matter and Energy 2.1 Matter Defined 2.1-A: Solids 2.1-B: Liquids 2.2-C: Gases 2.2 Units of Measurement 2.2-A: Length 2.2-B: Mass 2.2-C: Volume 2.2-D: General Use of the Metric System in the United States 2.3 Converting Between Units of the Same Kind 2.4 Concentration 2.5 Density of Matter 2.5-A: Specific Gravity 2.5-B: Vapor Density 2.6 Energy 2.7 Temperature and Its Measurement 2.7-A: The Fahrenheit and Celsius Temperature Scales 2.7-B: The Kelvin and Rankine Temperature Scales 2.8 Pressure and Its Measurement 2.8-A: Vapor Pressure 2.8-B: Blood Pressure 2.9 Heat and Its Transmission and Impact on the Human Body 2.9-A: Conduction 2.9-B: Convection 2.9-C: Radiation 2.9-D: Spread of Fire 2.9-E: Ill Effects Resulting from Exposure to Heat 2.10 Calculation of Heat 2.11 Thermal Expansion of Liquids 2.12 General Properties of the Gaseous State 2.12-A: Boyle’s Law 2.12-B: Charles’s Law 2.12-C: Combined Gas Law 2.13 General Hazards Resulting from Exposure to Cryogens 2.13-A: Expansion of Cryogens During Vaporization 2.13-B: Impact of Cryogens on Other Matter 2.13-C: Ill Effects Resulting from Exposure to Cryogens Review Exercises Chapter 3: Flammable Gases and Flammable Liquids 3.1 Liquid Flammability 3.1-A: OSHA/NFPA Definition of a Flammable Liquid and a Combustible Liquid 3.1-B: “Emptied” Tanks 3.1-C: Liquid Accelerants 3.2 RCRA Characteristic of Ignitability 3.3 Storing and Transporting Compressed Gases 3.3-A: Compressed Gases in Storage 3.3-B: Cylinders of Compressed Gases in Transport 3.3-C: Compressed Gases During Transport in Bulk 3.4 General Hazards of Compressed Gases 3.4-A: Compressed Gas Cylinders and Stationary Storage Tanks 3.4-B: Compressed Gas Transport Vessels 3.5 Responding to Incidents Involving the Release of Flammable Gases 3.6 Storing Flammable Liquids 3.6-A: Storage Within Containers 3.6-B: Storage Within Portable Tanks 3.6-C: Storage Within Stationary Tanks 3.7 Transporting Flammable Liquids 3.7-A: Transport by Motor Carrier 3.7-B: Transport by Rail Tankcar 3.8 Responding to Incidents Involving the Release of Flammable Liquids 3.8-A: Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions 3.8-B: General Response Procedures Review Exercises Chapter 4: Chemical Forms of Matter 4.1 Elements and Compounds 4.2 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 4.3 Chemical and Physical Changes 4.4 Some Basic Features of Atoms 4.5 The Periodic Classification of the Elements 4.6 Molecules and Ions 4.7 The Nature of Chemical Bonding 4.8 Lewis Symbols 4.9 Ionic Bonding 4.10 Covalent Bonding 4.11 Ionic and Covalent Compounds 4.12 The Chemical Formula 4.13 Writing Chemical Formulas and Naming Ionic Compounds 4.13-A: Positive Ions 4.13-B: Negative Ions 4.14 Some Chemical Formulas and Names of Covalent Compounds 4.15 Naming Acids 4.15-A: Binary Acids 4.15-B: Oxyacids 4.16 Molecular Weights, Formulas Weights, and the Mole Review Exercises Chapter 5: Principles of Chemical Reactions 5.1 The Chemical Reaction 5.2 Balancing Simple Equations 5.3 Types of Chemical Reactions 5.3-A: Combination (or Synthesis) Reactions 5.3-B: Decomposition Reactions 5.3-C: Single Replacement (or Single Displacement) Reactions 5.3-D: Double Replacement (or Double Displacement) Reactions 5.4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 5.4-A: Oxidation 5.4-B: Reduction 5.5 Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction 5.5-A: Nature of the Material 5.5-B: Subdivision of the Reactants 5.5-C: State of Aggregation 5.5-D: Concentration of Reactants 5.5-E: Activation Energy 5.5-F: Temperature 5.5-G: Catalysis 5.6 The Combustion Process 5.7 Spontaneous Combustion 5.8 The Greenhouse Effect 5.8-A: The Adverse Impact of Global Warming 5.8-B: Environmental Regulations Involving Carbon Dioxide 5.9 The RCRA Characteristic of Reactivity 5.10 The Fire Triangle and Fire Tetrahedron 5.10-A: Initiation 5.10-B: Propagation 5.10-C: Termination 5.11 Water as a Fire Extinguisher 5.11-A: Discharging Water as a Fire Extinguisher 5.11-B: Aqueous-Film-Forming Foam 5.11-C: Alcohol-Resistant Aqueous-Film-Forming Foam 5.11-D: Protein Foam 5.11-E: Pyrocool Fire-Extinguishing Foam 5.12 Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Extinguisher 5.12-A: Carbon Dioxide in Total-Flooding Systems 5.12-B: Carbon Dioxide Production by Chemical Action 5.13 Halons as Fire Extinguishers 5.14 Dry-Chemical Fire Extinguishers 5.14-A: Sodium Bicarbonate and Potassium Bicarbonate 5.14-B: Alkali Metal Bicarbonates 5.14-C: ABC Fire Extinguisher 5.15 Dry-Powder Fire Extinguishers 5.16 NFPA Class K Fire Extinguishers Review Exercises Chapter 6: Use of the DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations by Emergency Responders 6.1 DOT Hazardous Materials and Their Proper Shipping Names 6.1-A: Proper Shipping Names 6.1-B: Hazard Classes and Divisions 6.1-C: Identification Numbers 6.1-D: Packing Groups 6.1-E: Packaging 6.1-F: Special Provisions 6.2 The Shipping Paper 6.2-A: Shipping Descriptions of Hazardous Materials 6.2-B: Reportable Quantities 6.2-C: Marine Pollutants 6.3 Location of the Shipping Paper During Transit 6.4 The Hazardous Materials Safety Permit 6.5 DOT Labeling Requirements 6.6 DOT Marking Requirements 6.6-A: Hazardous Materials Transported in Nonbulk Packaging 6.6-B: Hazardous Materials Transported in Bulk Packaging 6.7 DOT Placarding Requirements 6.7-A: Placarding Requirements When Shipping Multiple Packages of Materials Whose Hazard Classes Are Listed Solely in Table 6.9 6.7-B: Placarding for Subsidiary Hazards 6.8 Responding to Incidents Involving the Release of Hazardous Materials 6.9 Reporting the Release of a Hazardous Substance Review Exercises Chapter 7: Chemistry of Some Common Elements 7.1 Oxygen 7.1-A: Liquid Oxygen 7.1-B: Commercial Uses of Oxygen 7.1-C: Respiration and Combustion 7.1-D: Chemical Oxygen Generators 7.1-E: Workplace Regulations Involving Bulk Oxygen Systems 7.1-F: Transporting Oxygen 7.1-G: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Oxygen 7.1-H: Ozone, the Allotrope of Oxygen 7.1-I: Commercial Uses of Ozone 7.1-J: Ground-Level Ozone 7.1-K: Workplace Regulations Involving Ozone 7.1-L: Environmental Regulations Involving Ground-Level Ozone 7.1-M: Stratospheric Ozone 7.1-N: Environmental Regulations Involving Stratospheric Ozone 7.2 Hydrogen 7.2-A: Commercial Uses of Hydrogen 7.2-B: Production of Hydrogen 7.2-C: Properties of Hydrogen 7.2-D: Hydrogen and the Risk of Fire and Explosion 7.2-E: Chemical Reactions That Generate Hydrogen 7.2-F: Hydrogen Generation During the Charging of Lead–Acid Storage Batteries 7.2-G: The Hindenburg 7.2-H: Workplace Regulations Involving Hydrogen 7.2-I: Transporting Hydrogen 7.2-J: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Hydrogen 7.3 Fluorine 7.3-A: Chemical Reactivity of Fluorine 7.3-B: Workplace Regulations Involving Fluorine 7.3-C: Transporting Fluorine 7.3-D: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Fluorine 7.4 Chlorine 7.4-A: Commercial Uses of Chlorine 7.4-B: Chemical Reactivity of Chlorine 7.4-C: Workplace Regulations Involving Chlorine 7.4-D: Transporting Chlorine 7.4-E: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Chlorine 7.5 Phosphorus 7.5-A: White Phosphorus 7.5-B: Transporting White Phosphorus 7.5-C: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of White Phosphorus 7.5-D: Red Phosphorus 7.5-E: Transporting Red Phosphorus 7.5-F: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Red Phosphorus 7.6 Sulfur 7.6-A: Uses of Sulfur 7.6-B: Transporting Sulfur 7.6-C: Responding to Incidents Involving A Release of Sulfur 7.7 Carbon 7.7-A: Common Allotropes of Carbon 7.7-B: Uses of Diamond and Graphite 7.7-C: Coal, Coke, and Charcoal and the Products Made from Them 7.7-D: Carbon Black 7.7-E: Consumer Product Regulations Involving Charcoal 7.7-F: Transporting Coal Tar Distillates, Coke, Charcoal, and Activated Carbon 7.7-G: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Coal, Coke, or Charcoal Review Exercises Chapter 8: Chemistry of Some Corrosive Materials 8.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases 8.1-A: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 8.1-B: Mineral Acids and Organic Acids 8.1-C: Oxidizing and Nonoxidizing Acids 8.1-D: Concentrated and Diluted Acids 8.2 The pH Scale 8.3 Properties of Acids and Bases 8.4 The Anhydrides of Acids and Bases 8.5 Acids and Bases as Corrosive Materials 8.5-A: Reactions of Acids and Metals 8.5-B: Reactions of Acids and Metallic Oxides 8.5-C: Reactions of Acids and Metallic Carbonates 8.5-D: Reactions of Acids with Skin Tissue 8.5-E: Reactions of Bases and Metals 8.5-F: Reaction of Bases with Skin Tissue 8.6 Sulfuric Acid 8.6-A: Liberation of Heat 8.6-B: Extraction of Water 8.6-C: Oxidizing Potential of Sulfuric Acid 8.6-D: Health Hazards Associated with Exposure to Sulfuric Acid 8.6-E: Oleum 8.6-F: Transporting Sulfuric Acid and Oleum 8.7 Nitric Acid 8.7-A: Oxidation of Metals by Nitric Acid 8.7-B: Oxidation of Nonmetals by Nitric Acid 8.7-C: Oxidation of Organic Compounds by Nitric Acid 8.7-D: Reactions of Nitric Acid with Cellulosic Materials 8.7-E: Reactions of Nitric Acid with Skin Tissue 8.7-F: Fuming Nitric Acid 8.7-G: Workplace Regulations Involving Nitric Acid 8.7-H: Transporting Nitric Acid 8.8 Hydrochloric Acid 8.8-A: Vaporization of Hydrochloric Acid 8.8-B: Ill Effects Resulting from Exposure to Hydrogen Chloride 8.8-C: Reactions of Hydrochloric Acid with Oxidizing Agents 8.8-D: Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride 8.8-E: Workplace Regulations Involving Hydrogen Chloride 8.8-F: Transporting Hydrochloric Acid and Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride 8.9 Perchloric Acid 8.9-A: Thermal Decomposition of Perchloric Acid 8.9-B: Oxidizing Potential of Perchloric Acid 8.9-C: Transporting Perchloric Acid 8.10 Hydrofluoric Acid 8.10-A: Hydrofluoric Acid Reactions with Skin and Other Tissues 8.10-B: Reactions of Hydrofluoric Acid with Silicon Compounds 8.10-C: Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride 8.10-D: Workplace Regulations Involving Hydrogen Fluoride 8.10-E: Transporting Hydrofluoric Acid and Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride 8.11 Phosphoric Acid 8.11-A: Phosphoric Anhydride 8.11-B: Transporting Phosphoric Acid and Phosphoric Anhydride 8.12 Acetic Acid 8.12-A: Vaporization of Acetic Acid 8.12-B: Combustible Nature of Acetic Acid 8.12-C: Workplace Regulations Involving Acetic Acid 8.12-D: Transporting Acetic Acid 8.13 Alkaline Metallic Hydroxides 8.13-A: Sodium Hydroxide and Potassium Hydroxide 8.13-B: Calcium Hydroxide 8.13-C: Transporting Alkaline Substances 8.14 RCRA Corrosivity Characteristic 8.15 Workplace Regulations Involving Corrosive Materials 8.16 Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of a Corrosive Material 8.17 Responding to Incidents Involving Acid- and Alkali-Poisoning Review Exercises Chapter 9: Chemistry of Some Water-Reactive Substances 9.1 When Is a Substance Water-Reactive? 9.2 Alkali Metals 9.2-A: Metallic Lithium 9.2-B: Metallic Sodium 9.2-C: Metallic Potassium 9.2-D: Transporting Alkali Metals 9.3 Combustible Metals 9.3-A: Metallic Magnesium 9.3-B: Metallic Titanium 9.3-C: Metallic Zirconium 9.3-D: Metallic Aluminum 9.3-E: Metallic Zinc 9.3-F: Transporting Combustible Metals 9.4 Aluminum Alkyl Compounds and Their Derivatives 9.4-A: Uses of the Aluminum Alkyl Compounds and Their Derivatives 9.4-B: Properties of the Aluminum Alkyl Compounds and Their Derivatives 9.4-C: Transporting Aluminum Alkyl Compounds and Their Derivatives 9.5 Ionic Hydrides 9.5-A: Simple Ionic Hydrides 9.5-B: Ionic Borohydrides 9.5-C: Ionic Aluminum Hydrides 9.5-D: Water Reactivity of the Ionic Hydrides 9.5-E: Transporting Ionic Hydrides 9.6 Metallic Phosphides 9.6-A: Transporting Metallic Phosphides 9.6-B: Phosphine 9.6-C: Workplace Regulations Involving Phosphine 9.6-D: Transporting Phosphine 9.7 Metallic Carbides 9.7-A: Aluminum Carbide 9.7-B: Calcium Carbide 9.7-C: Transporting Metallic Carbides 9.8 Water-Reactive Substances That Produce Hydrogen Chloride 9.8-A: Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride 9.8-B: Phosphorus Oxychloride 9.8-C: Phosphorus Trichloride 9.8-D: Phosphorus Pentachloride 9.8-E: Silicon Tetrachloride 9.8-F: Sulfuryl Chloride 9.8-G: Thionyl Chloride 9.8-H: Anhydrous Tin(IV) Chloride 9.8-I: Anhydrous Titanium(IV) Chloride 9.8-J: Trichlorosilane 9.8-K: Transporting Substances That React with Water to Produce Hydrogen Chloride Vapor 9.9 Water-Reactive Compounds That Produce Acetic Acid Vapor 9.9-A: Acetic Anhydride 9.9-B: Workplace Regulations Involving Acetic Anhydride 9.9-C: Acetyl Chloride 9.9-D: Transporting Acetic Anhydride and Acetyl Chloride 9.10 Responding to Incidents Involving the Release of a Material in Hazard Classes 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 Review Exercises Chapter 10: Chemistry of Some Toxic Substances 10.1 Toxic Substances and Government Regulations 10.1-A: Workplace Regulations Involving Toxic Substances 10.1-B: The RCRA Toxicity Characteristic 10.1-C: Transportation of Toxic Substances 10.2 How Toxic Substances Enter the Body 10.2-A: Ingestion 10.2-B: Skin Absorption 10.2-C: Inhalation 10.3 Some Common Ways Toxic Substances Adversely Affect Health 10.3-A: Asphyxiants 10.3-B: Irritants 10.4 Types of Toxicological Effects 10.4-A: Acute Health Effect 10.4-B: Chronic Health Effect 10.4-C: Short-Term Health Effect 10.4-D: Latent Health Effect 10.5 Factors Affecting the Degree of Toxicity 10.5-A: Quantity of Substance 10.5-B: Duration of Exposure 10.5-C: Rate at Which a Substance Is Absorbed into the Bloodstream 10.5-D: Age, Sex, Ethnicity, and Health of Individuals 10.5-E: Individual Sensitivities 10.5-F: Exposure to Toxic Substances by Women During Pregnancy 10.6 Measuring Toxicity 10.6-A: Lethal Dose, 50% Kill 10.6-B: Lethal Concentration, 50% Kill 10.6-C: Up-and-Down Dose 10.6-D: Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 10.6-E: Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 10.6-F: Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 10.6-G: Immediately-Dangerous-to-Life-and-Health Level (IDLH) 10.7 The Hazard Zone 10.8 Toxicity of the Fire Scene 10.8-A: The Impact of Smoke on Vision 10.8-B: The Impact of Smoke on Breathing 10.8-C: Latent Health Effects Caused by Inhaling Smoke 10.8-D: The Adsorption of Toxic Gases on the Surfaces of Carbon Particulates 10.8-E: Environmental Regulations Involving Particulate Matter 10.9 Carbon Monoxide 10.9-A: How Does Carbon Monoxide Kill? 10.9-B: Carbon Monoxide at Fire and Other Scenes 10.9-C: Uses of Carbon Monoxide 10.9-D: Workplace Regulations Involving Carbon Monoxide 10.9-E: Environmental Regulations Involving Carbon Monoxide 10.9-F: Consumer Product Regulations Involving Carbon Monoxide 10.9-G: Transporting Carbon Monoxide 10.9-H: Responding to Incidents Associated with Exposure to Carbon Monoxide 10.10 Hydrogen Cyanide 10.10-A: How Does Hydrogen Cyanide Kill? 10.10-B: Hydrogen Cyanide at Fire Scenes 10.10-C: Uses of Hydrogen Cyanide 10.10-D: Workplace Regulations Involving Hydrogen Cyanide 10.10-E: Transporting Hydrogen Cyanide 10.10-F: Hydrocyanic Acid 10.10-G: Transporting Hydrocyanic Acid 10.10-H: Metallic Cyanides 10.10-I: Transporting Metallic Cyanides 10.11 Sulfur Dioxide 10.11-A: Environmental Issues Associated with Sulfur Dioxide 10.11-B: How Does Sulfur Dioxide Kill? 10.11-C: Sulfur Dioxide at Fire Scenes 10.11-D: Uses of Sulfur Dioxide 10.11-E: Workplace Regulations Involving Sulfur Dioxide 10.11-F: Environmental Regulations Involving Sulfur Dioxide 10.11-G: Transporting Sulfur Dioxide 10.12 Hydrogen Sulfide 10.12-A: How Does Hydrogen Sulfide Kill? 10.12-B: Hydrogen Sulfide at Fire Scenes 10.12-C: Uses of Hydrogen Sulfide 10.12-D: Workplace Regulations Involving Hydrogen Sulfide 10.12-E: Transporting Hydrogen Sulfide 10.12-F: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Hydrogen Sulfide 10.13 Nitrogen Oxides 10.13-A: Environmental Issues Associated with NOx 10.13-B: How Does NOx Kill? 10.13-C: Nitrogen Oxides at Fire Scenes 10.13-D: Uses of Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide 10.13-E: Workplace Regulations Involving the Nitrogen Oxides 10.13-F: Environmental Regulations Involving The Nitrogen Oxides 10.13-G: Transporting the Nitrogen Oxides 10.14 Ammonia 10.14-A: Ammonia at Fire Scenes 10.14-B: Production and Uses of Ammonia 10.14-C: Workplace Regulations Involving Anhydrous Ammonia 10.14-D: Transporting Anhydrous Ammonia 10.14-E: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Anhydrous Ammonia 10.14-F: Ammonia Solutions 10.14-G: Transporting Ammonia Solutions 10.15 Response Actions at Scenes Involving a Release of Toxic Substances 10.16 Carcinogenesis 10.16-A: Types of Chemical Carcinogens 10.16-B: Workplace Regulations Involving Carcinogens 10.17 Compounds of Toxic Metals 10.17-A: Lead and its Compounds 10.17-B: Consumer Product Regulations Involving Lead 10.17-C: Workplace Regulations Involving Lead 10.17-D: Environmental Regulations Involving Lead 10.17-E: Transporting Lead 10.18 Asbestos 10.18-A: Ill Effects Resulting from Exposure to Asbestos 10.18-B: Consumer Product Regulations Involving Asbestos 10.18-C: Workplace Regulations Involving Asbestos 10.18-D: Environmental Regulations Involving Asbestos 10.18-E: Transporting Asbestos 10.18-F: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Asbestos 10.19 Pesticides 10.19-A: Environmental Regulations Pertaining to Pesticides 10.19-B: Transporting Pesticides 10.20 Biological Warfare Agents 10.20-A: What Is a Biological Warfare Agent? 10.20-B: Dissemination of a Biological Warfare Agent 10.20-C: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of a Biological Warfare Agent 10.20-D: Transporting Infectious Substances 10.20-E: Anthrax 10.20-F: Ricin Review Exercises Chapter 11: Chemistry of Some Oxidizers 11.1 What Is an Oxidizer? 11.2 Oxidation Numbers 11.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 11.4 Common Features of Oxidizers 11.5 Hydrogen Peroxide 11.5-A: The Kursk 11.5-B: Workplace Regulations Involving Hydrogen Peroxide 11.5-C: Transporting Hydrogen Peroxide 11.5-D: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Hydrogen Peroxide 11.6 Metallic Hypochlorites 11.6-A: Sodium Hypochlorite 11.6-B: Calcium Hypochlorite 11.6-C: Transporting Metallic Hypochlorites 11.7 Di- and Trichloroisocyanuric Acids and Their Salts 11.7-A: Uses of Di- and Trichloroisocyanuric Acids and Their Salts 11.7-B: Transporting Di- and Trichloroisocyanuric Acids and Their Salts 11.8 Chlorine Dioxide 11.8-A: Uses of Chlorine Dioxide 11.8-B: Transporting Chlorine Dioxide 11.9 Oxidizers in Fireworks 11.9-A: Transporting Fireworks 11.9-B: Displaying Fireworks 11.9-C: Transporting Metallic Chlorites, Chlorates, and Perchlorates 11.9-D: Ill Effects Resulting from Exposure to Metallic Perchlorates 11.10 Oxidizers in Flares, Signaling Smokes, and Smoke Bombs 11.10-A: Chemical Actuation of Flares, Signaling Smokes, and Smoke Bombs 11.10-B: Transporting Flares, Signaling Smokes, and Smoke Bombs 11.11 The Thermal Stability of Ammonium Compounds 11.11-A: Uses of Ammonium Compounds 11.11-B: Transporting Ammonium Compounds 11.12 Ammonium Nitrate 11.12-A: Ammonium Nitrate at Fire Scenes 11.12-B: Workplace Regulations Involving the Bulk Storage of Ammonium Nitrate 11.12-C: Homeland Security Measures Involving Ammonium Nitrate 11.13 Oxidizing Chromium Compounds 11.13-A: Potassium Dichromate 11.13-B: Chromium Trioxide 11.13-C: Chromium Oxychloride 11.13-D: Ammonium Dichromate 11.13-E: Workplace Regulations Involving the Oxidizing Chromium Compounds 11.13-F: Transporting The Oxidizing Chromium Compounds 11.14 Sodium Permanganate and Potassium Permanganate 11.14-A: Production and Uses 11.14-B: Transporting Metallic Permanganates 11.15 Metallic Nitrites and Metallic Nitrates 11.15-A: Some Properties of Metallic Nitrites 11.15-B: Some Properties of Metallic Nitrates 11.15-C: FDA Regulations Involving Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrate 11.15-D: Transporting Metallic Nitrites and Nitrates 11.16 Metallic Peroxides and Superoxides 11.16-A: Properties of Metallic Peroxides 11.16-B: Properties of Metallic Superoxides 11.16-C: Transporting Metallic Peroxides and Superoxides 11.17 Potassium Persulfate and Sodium Persulfate 11.17-A: Properties and Uses 11.17-B: Transporting Metallic Persulfates 11.18 Matches 11.18-A: Strike-Anywhere Matches 11.18-B: Safety Matches 11.18-C: Transporting Matches 11.19 Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Oxidizers Review Exercises Chapter 12: Chemistry of Some Hazardous Organic Compounds: Part I 12.1 What Are Organic Compounds? 12.2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 12.2-A: Formulas of the Alkanes 12.2-B: Formulas of the Cycloalkanes 12.2-C: The IUPAC System of Nomenclature 12.2-D: Transporting Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 12.3 Alkenes, Dienes, Trienes, Cycloalkenes, Cylodienes, and Cyclotrienes 12.3-A: Structural Isomerism in Alkenes 12.3-B: Naming Alkenes, Dienes, Trienes, 12.3-C: Geometrical Isomerism in Alkenes 12.3-D: Transporting Alkenes, Dienes, Trienes, Cycloalkenes, Cylodienes, and Cyclotrienes 12.4 Alkynes 12.5 Natural Gas (Methane) 12.6 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 12.7 Ethylene and Propylene 12.8 Butadiene 12.9 Acetylene 12.10 Ill Effects Resulting from Breathing the Simple Gaseous Hydrocarbons 12.11 Transporting the Simple Gaseous Hydrocarbons 12.12 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 12.12-A: Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene(s) 12.12-B: Ill Effects Resulting from Inhaling BTX Vapors 12.12-C: Workplace Regulations Involving the BTX Hydrocarbons 12.12-D: Transporting Aromatic Hydrocarbons 12.13 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 12.13-A: Naphthalene 12.13-B: Ill Effects Resulting from Breathing PAHs 12.13-C: Workplace Regulations Involving PAHs 12.14 Petroleum and Petroleum Products 12.14-A: The Nature and Natural Origin of Crude Oil 12.14-B: Fighting Fires Involving Crude Petroleum 12.14-C: Fractionation of Crude Petroleum 12.14-D: Chemical Treatment of Petroleum Fractions 12.14-E: Gasoline 12.14-F: Diesel Oil 12.14-G: Heating Fuels 12.14-H: Transporting Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products 12.14-I: Petrochemicals 12.15 Simple Halogenated Hydrocarbons 12.15-A: Ill Effects from Inhaling the Vapors of Simple Halogenated Hydrocarbons 12.15-B: Transporting the Halogenated Hydrocarbons 12.16 Chlorofluorocarbons and Their Related Compounds 12.16-A: How the CFCs Destroy Stratospheric Ozone 12.16-B: Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons 12.16-C: Alternatives to Halon Fire Extinguishers 12.16-D: Storing Ozone-Depleting Substances 12.16-E: Transporting CFCs, HFCs, and HCFCs 12.17 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 12-17-A: PCBs in Electrical Equipment 12.17-B: PCBs and Firefighting 12.17-C: The Adverse Impact of PCBs on the Environment 12.17-D: FDA Regulations Involving PCBs 12.17-E: Transporting PCBs 12.18 Organochlorine Pesticides Review Exercises Chapter 13: Chemistry of Some Hazardous Organic Compounds: Part II 13.1 Functional Groups 13.2 Alcohols 13.2-A: Methanol 13.2-B: Consumer Product Regulations Involving Methanol 13.2-C: Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages 13.2-D: Industrial-Grade Ethanol 13.2-E: Extinguishing Ethanol Fires 13.2-F: Isopropanol 13.2-G: Glycols 13.2-H: Phenol 13.2-I: Cresols 13.2-J: Workplace Regulations Involving Alcohols 13.2-K: Transporting Alcohols 13.2-L: Bisphenol-A 13.3 Ethers 13.3-A: Reactions of Ethers with Atmospheric Oxygen 13.3-B: Diethyl Ether 13.3-C: Methyl tert-Butyl Ether 13.3-D: Alkyl Ethers of Ethylene Glycol 13.3-E: Transporting Ethers 13.4 Halogenated Ethers 13.4-A: Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins 13.4-B: Polybrominated Dibenzofurans and Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins 13.4-C: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 13.5 Aldehydes and Ketones 13.5-A: Formaldehyde 13.5-B: Workplace Regulations Involving Formaldehyde 13.5-C: Acetone 13.5-D: Other Ketones 13.5-E: Transporting Aldehydes and Ketones 13.6 Organic Acids 13.6-A: The Formyl, Acetyl, and Benzoyl Groups 13.6-B: Perfluorooctanoic Acid 13.6-C: Transporting Organic Acids 13.7 Esters 13.7-A: Ethyl Acetate 13.7-B: Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 13.7-C: Transporting Esters 13.8 Amines 13.8-A: Workplace Regulations Involving the Simple Amines 13.8-B: Transporting Amines 13.9 Peroxo-Organic Compounds 13.9-A: Transporting Peroxo-Organic Compounds 13.9-B: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Peroxo-Organic Compounds 13.9-C: Terrorists’ Misuse of Triacetone Triperoxide 13.10 Carbon Disulfide 13.10-A: Workplace Regulations Involving Carbon Disulfide 13.10-B: Transporting Carbon Disulfide 13.11 Chemical Warfare Agents 13.11-A: Nerve Agents 13.11-B: Vesicants 13.11-C: Blood Agents 13.11-D: Pulmonary Agents 13.11-E: Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of a Chemical Warfare Agent 13.12 Lacrimators 13.13 Napalm Review Exercises Chapter 14: Chemistry of Some Polymeric Materials 14.1 What Are Polymers? 14.2 Polymerization 14.2-A: Addition Polymerization 14.2-B: Condensation Polymerization 14.3 Autopolymerization 14.4 Polymer Decomposition and Combustion 14.4-A: The Chemical Nature of the Gases and Vapors Produced During Polymeric Fires 14.4-B: Smoke Produced During Polymeric Fires 14.4-C: CPSC Regulations Pertaining to Textiles Intended for Consumer Use 14.5 Vegetable and Animal Fibers 14.5-A: Cellulose and Cellulosic Derivatives 14.5-B: Wool and Silk 14.6 Vinyl Polymers 14.6-A: Polyethylene 14.6-B: Polypropylene 14.6-C: Poly(Vinyl Chloride) 14.6-D: Polyacrylonitrile 14.6-E: Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) 14.7 Epoxy Resins 14.8 Polyurethane 14.8-A: Uses of Polyurethane 14.8-B: Fighting Polyurethane Fires 14.9 Heat- and Fire-Resistant Polymers 14.9-A: Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene) 14.9-B: Nomex 14.9-C: Kevlar 14.10 Rubber and Rubber Products 14.10-A: Natural Rubber 14.10-B: Synthetic Rubbers 14.10-C: Products Produced from Synthetic Rubbers 14.10-D: Responding to Incidents Involving the Burning of Rubber Review Exercises Chapter 15: Chemistry of Some Explosives 15.1 General Characteristics of Explosives 15.2 Classification of Explosives 15.2-A: Blasting Agents 15.2-B: Artillery Amunition 15.3 Storing Explosives 15.4 Transporting Explosives 15.4-A: EX-Numbers 15.4-B: Compatibility Groups 15.4-C: Shipping Descriptions 15.4-D: Labeling, Marking, and Placarding Requirements 15.4-E: Explosive Wastes 15.4-F: Other DOT Requirements 15.5 Black Powder 15.5-A: Responding to Incidents Involving the Release of Black Powder or Gunpowder 15.5-B: Transporting Black Powder/Gunpowder 15.6 Nitroglycerin 15.6-A: Use of Nitroglycerin Other Than as an Explosive 15.6-B: Workplace Regulations Involving Nitroglycerin 15.6-C: Transporting Nitroglycerin 15.6-D: Terrorists’ Misuse of Nitroglycerin 15.7 Dynamite 15.7-A: Forms of Dynamite 15.7-B: Transporting Dynamite 15.8 Nitrocellulose 15.8-A: Formulations of Smokeless Powder 15.8-B: Transporting Nitrocellulose 15.9 Trinitrotoluene 15.9-A: TNT Equivalents 15.9-B: Workplace Regulations Involving TNT 15.9-C: Transporting TNT 15.10 Cyclonite 15.10-A: Workplace Regulations Involving Cyclonite 15.10-B: Transporting Cyclonite 15.10-C: Terrorists’s Misuse of Cyclonite 15.11 Tetryl 15.11-A: Workplace Regulations Involving Tetryl 15.11-B: Transporting Tetryl 15.12 PETN 15.12-A: Use of PETN Other Than as an Explosive 15.12-B: Transporting PETN 15.12-C: Terrorists’s Misuse of PETN 15.13 HMX 15.13-A: Use of HMX with Other Explosives 15.13-B: Transporting HMX 15.14 Primary Explosives 15.14-A: Mercury Fulminate 15.14-B: Lead Azide 15.14-C: Lead Styphnate 15.14-D: Transporting Primary Explosives 15.15 Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Explosives Review Exercises Chapter 16: Radioactive Materials 16.1 Features of Atomic Nuclei 16.2 Types of Radiation and Modes of Nuclear Decay 16.2-A: Alpha Radiation 16.2-B: Beta Radiation 16.2-C: Gamma Radiation 16.3 Sealed Radiation Sources 16.4 Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity 16.5 Units for Measuring Radiation 16.5-A: Röentgen 16.5-B: Rad 16.5-C: Rem 16.5-D: Gray 16.5-E: Curie 16.5-F: Becquerel 16.6 Ill Effects Resulting from Exposure to Radiation 16.6-A: Exposure to Individual Types of Radiation 16.6-B: Exposure to Specific Radioisotopes 16.6-C: Impact of an Individual’s Age 16.7 Workplace Regulations Involving Radiation Exposure 16.8 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Matter 16.9 Nuclear Fission 16.9-A: Criticality 16.9-B: Plutonium-239 16.9-C: Uranium-Enrichment Processes 16.9-D: Spontaneous Fission 16.9-E: The Global Fear of Nuclear Bombs 16.9-F: Nuclear Power Plants 16.10 Transporting Radioactive Materials 16.10-A: Shipping Descriptions 16.10-B: Labeling Requirements 16.10-C: Marking Requirements 16.10-D: Placarding Requirements 16.10-E: Packaging Types 16.10-F: Criticality Safety Index 16.10-G: Highway Route–Controlled Quantity 16.11 Responding to Incidents Involving a Release of Radioactive Material 16.12 Residential Radon 16.13 Radiological Dispersal Device Review Exercises Appendix: Table of Elements and Atomic Weights Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z