The Physics of Clinical MR Taught Through Images
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Preface Acknowledgments Contents Section I: Hardware 1: Components of an MR Scanner ◆ The Magnet ◆ The Transmitting Radiofrequency Coil ◆ The Gradients ◆ The Receiver Coils 2: MR Safety: Static Magnetic Field 3: MR Safety: Gradient Magnetic and Radio-frequency Fields 4: Radio-Frequency Coils ◆ Linearly Polarized Coils ◆ Circularly Polarized Coils ◆ Transmit and Receive Coils ◆ Phased Array (Matrix) Coils 5: Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 1 6: Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 2 7: Open MR Systems 8: Magnetic Field Effects at 3 T and Beyond 9: Mid-Field, High-Field, Ultra-High-Field (1.5, 3, 7 T) 10: Advanced Receiver Coil Design 11: Advanced Multidimensional RF Transmission Design Section II: Basic Imaging Physics 12: Imaging Basics: k-space, Raw Data, Image Data 13: Image Resolution: Pixel and Voxel Size 14: Imaging Basics: Signal-to-Noise Ratio 15: Imaging Basics: Contrast-to-Noise Ratio 16: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Versus Contrast-to-Noise Ratio 17: Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Clinical 3 T ◆ Field Strength ◆ Chemical Shift ◆ Through-Plane Resolution 18: Slice Orientation 19: Multislice Imaging and Concatenations 20: Number of Averages 21: Slice Thickness 22: Slice Profile 23: Slice Excitation Order (in Fast Spin Echo Imaging) 24: Field of View (Overview) 25: Field of View (Phase Encoding Direction) 26: Matrix Size: Readout 27: Matrix Size: Phase Encoding 28: Partial Fourier 29: Image Interpolation (Zero Filling) 30: Specific Absorption Rate Section III: Basic Image Acquisition 31: T1, T2, and Proton Density 32: Calculating T1 and T2 Relaxation Times (Calculated Images) 33: Spin Echo Imaging 34: Fast Spin Echo Imaging 35: Fast Spin Echo: Reduced Refocusing Angle 36: Driven-Equilibrium Fourier Transformation (DEFT) 37: Reordering: Phase Encoding 38: Magnetization Transfer 39: Half Acquisition Single-Shot Turbo Spin Echo (HASTE) 40: Spoiled Gradient Echo 41: Refocused (Steady-State) Gradient Echo 42: Echo Planar Imaging 43: Inversion Recovery: Part 1 44: Inversion Recovery: Part 2 45: Fluid-Attenuated IR With Fat Saturation (FLAIR FS) 46: Fat Suppression: Spectral Saturation 47: Water Excitation, Fat Excitation 48: Fat Suppression: Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) 49: Fat Suppression: Phase Cycling 50: Fat Suppression: Dixon 51: 3D Imaging: Basic Principles 52: Contrast Media: Gadolinium Chelates with Extracellular Distribution 53: New High-Relaxivity Gd Chelates 54: Contrast Media: Other Approaches Section IV: Advanced Image Acquisition 55: Dual-Echo Steady State (DESS) 56: Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 1 57: Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 2 58: PSIF: The Backward-Running FISP 59: Constructive Interference in a Steady State (CISS) 60: TurboFLASH 61: PETRA (UTE) 62: 3D Imaging: MP-RAGE 63: 3D Imaging: SPACE 64: Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging 65: Volume Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE) 66: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging 67: Multishot EPI 68: Diffusion Tensor Imaging 69: Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Theory 70: Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Applications 71: Proton Spectroscopy (Theory) 72: Proton Spectroscopy (Chemical Shift Imaging) 73: Simultaneous Multislice Section V: Flow 74: Flow Effects: Fast and Slow Flow 75: Phase Imaging: Flow 76: 2D Time-of-Flight MRA 77: 3D Time-of-Flight MRA 78: Flip Angle, TR, MT, and Field Strength (in 3D TOF MRA) 79: Phase Contrast MRA 80: 4D Flow MRI 81: Advanced Non-Contrast MRA Techniques 82: Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Basics; Renal, Abdomen 83: Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Carotid Arteries 84: Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Peripheral Circulation 85: Dynamic CE-MRA (TWIST) 86: Dynamic Susceptibility Perfusion Imaging 87: Arterial Spin Labeling Section VI: Tissue-Specific Techniques 88: Brain Segmentation, Quantitative MR Imaging 89: Cardiac Morphology 90: Cardiac Function 91: Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Perfusion 92: Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Viability 93: T1/T2/T2* Quantitative Parametric Mapping in the Heart 94: MR Mammography: Dynamic Imaging 95: MR Mammography: Silicone 96: Hepatic Fat Quantification 97: Hepatic Iron Quantification 98: Elastography 99: Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) 100: Cartilage Mapping Section VII: Artifacts, Including Those Due to Motion, and the Reduction Thereof 101: Aliasing 102: Truncation Artifacts 103: Motion: Ghosting and Smearing 104: Motion Reduction: Triggering, Gating, Navigator Echoes ◆ Cardiac Triggering ◆ Respiratory Gating ◆ Navigator Echoes 105: Abdomen: Motion Correction 106: BLADE (PROPELLER) 107: TWIST VIBE 108: Radial VIBE (StarVIBE) 109: GRASP 110: Filtering Images (To Reduce Artifacts) 111: Geometric Distortion 112: Chemical Shift: Sampling Bandwidth 113: Artifacts: Magnetic Susceptibility 114: Maximizing Magnetic Susceptibility 115: Artifacts: Metal 116: Minimizing Metal Artifacts 117: Gradient Moment Nulling 118: Spatial Saturation 119: Shaped Saturation 120: Advanced Slice/Sub-volume Shimming 121: Flow Artifacts Section VIII: Further Improving Diagnostic Quality, Technologic Innovation 122: Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 1 123: Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 2 124: Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 3 125: Image Composing 126: Filtering Images (To Improve SNR) 127: Parallel Imaging: Part 1 128: Parallel Imaging: Part 2 129: CAIPIRINHA 130: Zoomed EPI 131: Compressed Sensing 132: Cardiovascular Imaging: Compressed Sensing 133: Interventional MR 134: 7 T Brain 135: 7 T Knee 136: Continuous Moving Table 137: Integrated Whole-Body MR-PET 138: 3D Evaluation: Image Post-processing ◆ Multiplanar Reconstruction (MPR) ◆ Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) ◆ Surface Rendering ◆ Volume Rendering 139: Automatic Image Alignment 140: Workflow Optimization ◆ Imaging Order and Patient Scheduling ◆ Patient and Scan Preparation ◆ Image Acquisition ◆ Post-processing Section IX: Recent Innovations 141: MR Fingerprinting 142: Simultaneous Multislice (SMS): An Update 143: Compressed Sensing: An Update 144: Advanced Low-Field MR: Part 1—Introduction 145: Advanced Low-Field MR: Part 2—Hardware ◆ Magnet and Receiver Coil Technology ◆ Gradient Performance 146: Advanced Low-Field MR: Part 3—Specific Subtopics ◆ Image Contrast ◆ Simultaneous Multislice ◆ Imaging in High-Susceptibility Regions ◆ Acoustic Noise ◆ Interventional MR 147: Spiral Imaging 148: Respiratory Sensing: An Update 149: GRASP: An Update 150: Deep Learning: For Imaging Reconstruction 151: Monitoring Cardiac Contraction: The Pilot Tone 152: Advocating Low-Field Imaging 153: The Clinical Strengths of 1.5 T 154: The Clinical Strengths of 3 T 155: The Clinical Strengths of 7 T 156: Low Field: Increasing Clinical Access and Further Dissemination of Healthcare 157: 1.5 T: Imaging with Metal 158: 3 T: Focused Musculoskeletal Imaging 159: 1.5 T vs. 3 T for Cardiac Imaging 160: 7 T and the Evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis Acronyms Index
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