Advanced Techniques of Analytical Chemistry

Description

Advanced Techniques of Analytical Chemistry explains analytical chemistry in an accessible manner for students. The book provides basic and practical knowledge that helps the learner to understand the methods used in conducting experiments. Readers will understand the key concepts of qualitative and quantitative analysis through easy-to-read chapters written for chemistry students. Volume 1 covers the topic of volumetric analysis in detail. Topic-wise chapters introduce the reader to volumetric titrations and then explain the range of titration techniques which include aqueous acid-base titration, non-aqueous titration, redox titration, complexometric titration and some miscellaneous methods like diazotisation titration, Kjeldahl’s method and the oxygen flask combustion method. The combination of basic and advanced methods makes this an ideal textbook for chemistry students at graduate and undergraduate levels as well as an ideal handbook for the laboratory instructor. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Introduction to Analytical Chemistry Sapna Kumari1,*, Anju Goyal1, Madhukar Garg1 and Harish Verma2 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO VOLUMETRIC TITRATIONS Advantages And Disadvantages Of Volumetric Analysis WHAT IS TITRATION? Simple Titrations Types of Volumetric Titrations Acid-Base Titrations Redox Titrations Precipitation Titration Complexometric Titration Steps Involved in Titrimetric Analysis Primary Standard Solution Methods of Expressing Concentrations in Volumetric Analysis Calculation of Equivalent Weights Equivalent Weight in Neutralization Reactions Equivalent Weight in Oxidation -reduction Reactions Equivalent Weight of Complex Formation and Precipitation Reactions CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Volumetric Analysis Nidhi Garg1,*, Anju Goyal1 and Payal Das1 INTRODUCTION TYPES OF VOLUMETRIC TITRATIONS Acid-Base Titration Redox Titrations Permanganate Titrations Dichromate Titrations Iodometric and Iodometric Titrations Precipitation Titrations Complexometric Titrations PROCEDURE FOR VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS BASIC PRINCIPLES OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS IMPORTANCE OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations Astha Sharma1,*, Monika Gupta2 and Anju Goyal3 INTRODUCTION THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES Arrhenius Concept Bronsted-Lowry Lewis Acids Law of Mass Action Ion Product Constant of Water COMMON ION EFFECT ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM INDICATOR Neutralisation Indicator Ostwald Theory Mixed Indicators Universal Indicator NEUTRALISATION CURVES Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base Titration of a Strong Acid with a Weak Base Titration of a Weak Base with a Weak Acid CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Non-Aqueous Titrations Sunaina Aggarwal1,*, Upasna Kaushik1 and Shivani Sharma1 INTRODUCTION SOLVENT SYSTEM FOR NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF SOLVENT SOLVENTS EMPLOYED IN NON-AQUEOUS TITRATION Glacial Acetic Acid Acetonitrile Alcohols Dioxane Dimethylformamide INDICATORS IN NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS Crystal Violet 1-Naphtholbenzein Nile Blue A Oracet Blue B Quinaldine Red Thymol Blue Azovoilet ALKALIMETRY ESTIMATION OF ACIDS ASSAY OF ETHOSUXIMIDE ASSAY OF CHLORTHALIDONE ACIDIMETRY ESTIMATION OF AMINES AND AMINE SALTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS ASSAY OF METHYLDOPA ASSAY OF NITRAZEPAM ESTIMATION OF HALOGEN ACID SALTS OF BASES Assay of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride ADVANTAGES OF NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS LIMITATIONS OF NON-AQUEOUS TITRATIONS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Redox Titrations Sapna Kumari1,*, Anju Goyal1 and Madhukar Garg1 INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF REDOX TITRATION METHOD Principle and Theory OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS Oxidizing Agents KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate) K2Cr2O7 (Potassium Dichromate) Iodine Solution Potassium Iodate Bromate-bromide Mixture REDUCING AGENTS EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS OXIDATION NUMBER (O.N.) Rules of Assigning Oxidation Number PRIMARY STANDARD FACTORS AFFECTING REDOX TITRATIONS Redox Indicators Types of Redox Indicators TYPES OF REDOX TITRATIONS 1. Based on the Titrant Used Permanganate Titration Dichromate Titration Iodine Titration Based on the Method Direct Titration Back Titration REDOX TITRATION CURVE Calculating Titration Curve Determining End Point Use of Visual Indicator Use of Potentiometric Method Applications of the Redox Titrations Use of Redox Titrimetry in the Inorganic Analysis Use of Redox Titrations in Organic Analysis Quantification of Lithium Conclusion CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Complexometric Titrations Anju Goyal1, Ramninder Kaur1,*, Sandeep Arora1 and Komalpreet Kaur2 INTRODUCTION COMPLEXATION CHELATE LIGANDS Classification of Ligands Monodentate Ligand Bidentate and Multidentate Ligands CO-ORDINATE COVALENT BONDS OR DATIVE BONDS COVALENT BOND WERNER’S COORDINATE NUMBER (WCN) STABILITY CONSTANT STABILITY TYPES OF COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS TYPES OF TITRATIONS: MASKING AND DEMASKING AGENTS Masking Agents Need Examples of Masking Agents Demasking Agents METAL ION INDICATORS USED IN COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS COMMON EXAMPLES Mordant Black-II MUREXIDE (AMMONIUM PURPURATE) XYLENOL ORANGE (LEMON TO YELLOW) SOLOCHROME DARK BLUE OR MORDANT BLACK-17 OR CALCON ALIZARIN FLUORINE COMPLEX OR ALIZARINE FLUORINE BLUE OR ALIZARINE COMPLEX ONE ASSAY OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF 0.05M EDTA SOLUTION STANDARDISATION ASSAY OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE GEL ASSAY OF CALCIUM GLUCONATE CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Diazotization Method Kamya Goyal1,2,*, Navdeep Singh1, Shammy Jindal1, Rajwinder Kaur2, Anju Goyal2 and Rajendra Awasthi3 INTRODUCTION Principle Theory End Point Detection Preparation and Standardization of the Sodium Nitrite Solution Factors Affecting the Diazotization DIAZOTIZATION TITRATIONS METHODS 1. Direct Method 2. Indirect Method 3. Other Method Procedure Applications CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Kjeldahl Method Kamya Goyal1,2,*, Navdeep Singh1, Shammy Jindal1, Rajwinder Kaur2, Anju Goyal2 and Rajendra Awasthi3 INTRODUCTION Principles Digestion Neutralization Titration Procedure Step One: Digestion of the Sample Digestion is Accomplished by Step Two: Distillation Step Three: Titration Applications Recent Developments CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Oxygen Flask Combustion Method Kamya Goyal1,2,*, Navdeep Singh1, Shammy Jindal1, Rajwinder Kaur2, Anju Goyal2 and Rajendra Awasthi3 INTRODUCTION Apparatus Preparation of Test Solution and Blank Solution Preparation of Sample Method of Combustion Procedure of Determination Chlorine and Bromine 2. Iodine 3. Fluorine 4. Sulfur Applications CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Precipitation Titration Kamya Goyal1,2,*, Navdeep Singh1, Shammy Jindal1, Rajwinder Kaur2, Anju Goyal2 and Rajendra Awasthi3 INTRODUCTION Precipitation Titration Example PRINCIPLE OF PRECIPITATION FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SOLUBILITY OF PRECIPITATE a) Effect of Temperature b) Effect of Solvent c) Effect of Corrosive d) Formation of Complex Particles METHODS FOR PRECIPITATION TITRATION Mohr's Method Precautions Limitations Preparation of 0.1 M Silver Nitrate Volhard Method: Jacob Volhard (1834-1910) Fajan's Strategy: Karl Kazimierz Fajan (1887-1975) LIMITS OF PRECIPITATION TITRATION HOW TO CONQUER THE ISSUES OF PRECIPITATION TITRATION APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index