Reaction Mechanisms In Environmental Organic Chemistry

Description

Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry classifies and organizes the reactions of environmentally important organic compounds using concepts and data drawn from traditional mechanistic and physical organic chemistry. It will help readers understand these reactions and their importance for the environmental fates or organic compounds of many types. The book has a molecular and mechanistic emphasis, and it is organized by reaction type. Organic molecules and their fates are examined in an ecosystem context. Their reactions are discussed in terms that organic chemists would use. The book will benefit organic chemists, environmental engineers, water treatment professionals, hazardous waste specialists, and biologists.Although conceived as a comprehensive monograph, the book could also be used as a text or reference for environmental chemistry classes at the undergraduate or graduate level. Content: Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Preface Table of Contents 1: ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT Environmental Fates of Organic Chemicals The Carbon Cycle Translocation of Organic Chemicals Volatilization Transport Within the Aqueous Phase Partition into Solid Phases Transformation of Organic Compounds Reaction Mechanisms Kinetics Linear Free Energy Relationships Overview of the Environment The Troposphere and the Stratosphere The Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere Solar Energy Distribution Chemical Constituents and Their Reactions Natural Waters Water as Solvent and ReactantMarine Waters and Estuaries Lakes and Rivers The Air-Water Interface: The Surface Microlayer Groundwater Organic Matter in Aquatic Environments Solid Phases Soil Structure Aquatic Sediments Soil Organic Matter References 2: HYDROLYSIS Introduction Hydrolysis Kinetics Specific Acid and Base Catalysis pH Dependence Hydrolysis Reaction Mechanisms Nucleophilic Substitution SnI Mechanism Sn2 Mechanism Functional Group Transformation by Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Halogenated Aliphatics Epoxides Organophosphorus Esters Nucleophilic Acyl SubstitutionAddition-Elimination Mechanism Functional Group Transformation by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Carbonic Acid Derivatives Other Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Reactions with Naturally Occurring Nucleophiles Nucleophilic Reactivity Reactions of Sulfur-Based Nucleophiles with Halogenated Aliphatics Neighboring Group Participation (Intramolecular Nucleophilic Displacement) Catalysis of Hydrolytic Reactions in Natural Aquatic Ecosystems General Acid and Base Catalysis Metal Ion Catalysis Surface-Bound Metals Clays and Clay MineralsNatural Organic Matter Dissolved Organic Matter Soil and Sediment-Associated Organic Matter References 3: REDUCTION Introduction Reductive Transformation Pathways Nitroaromatic Reduction Polynitro Aromatics Regioselectivity Aromatic Azo Reduction N-Nitrosoamine Reduction Sulfoxide Reduction Quinone Reduction Reductive Dealkylation Reductive Dehalogenation Halogenated Aliphatics Halogenated Aromatics Reduction Kinetics One-Electron Transfer Scheme Structure Reactivity Relationships for Reductive Transformations Electron-Mediated Reductions Natural Organic MatterMineral Systems Microbial-Mediated Reductions Effects of Sorption on Reduction Kinetics References 4: ENVIRONMENTAL OXIDATIONS Molecular Oxygen Autooxidation Polymers Petroleum Superoxide Singlet Oxygen Ozone and Related Compounds: Photochemical Smog Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Decay Products H2O2 Hydroxyl Radical Formation Reactions with Organic Compounds Daughter Radicals: Bromide, Carbonate, etc Peroxy Radicals Alkoxy and Phenoxy Radicals Surface Reactions Clays Silicon Oxides Aluminum Oxides Iron Oxides Manganese Oxides Thermal Oxidations Combustion and Incineration