Advances in Smart Energy Systems

Description

This book discusses smart computing techniques which offer an effective solution for investigating and modeling the stochastic behavior of renewable energy generation, operation of grid-connected renewable energy systems, and smart decision-making among alternatives. It also discusses applications of soft computing techniques to make an intelligent decision for optimum use of suitable alternatives which gives an upper hand compared to conventional systems. It includes upgradation of the existing system by embedding of machine intelligence. The authors present combination of use of neutral networks, fuzzy systems, and genetic algorithms which are illustrated in several applications including forecasting, security, verification, diagnostics of a specific fault, efficiency optimization, etc. Smart energy systems integrate a holistic approach in diverse sectors including electricity, thermal comfort, power industry, transportation. It allows affordable and sustainable solutions to solve the future energy demands with suitable alternatives. Thus, contributions regarding integration of the machine intelligence with the energy system, for efficient collection and effective utilization of the available energy sources, are useful for further advanced studies. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Optimization Analysis of a Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System for the Class Room at RLJIT, Doddaballapur, Southern Part of India 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Materials and Methodology 1.2.1 Materials 1.2.2 Photovoltaic System 1.2.3 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) 1.2.4 Battery Bank 1.2.5 Diesel Generator 1.2.6 Biomass Gasifier 1.2.7 Methodology 1.3 Results and Discussions 1.4 Conclusions References 2 A Study of Internet of Things in Smart Grid and Smart Grid Security 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Internet of Things 2.2.1 Definition 2.2.2 Identification of Radio Frequency 2.2.3 Infrared Sensor Technology 2.2.4 Global Position System 2.2.5 Machine/Man to Machine/Mobile 2.3 Smart Grid System 2.3.1 Definition of Smart Grid 2.3.2 Smart Grid Architecture 2.3.3 The Smart Grid Goals and Challenges 2.4 IoT Application and Services in Smart Grids 2.4.1 Driving Factors of IoT for Smart Grid 2.4.2 Communication Infrastructure of IoT 2.4.3 IoT Protocols 2.4.4 Future Research Direction 2.5 Smart Grid Security and Protocol 2.5.1 Smart Grid Security Threats Classification by Source 2.5.2 Attack Detection and Counter- Measures 2.6 Cyber Security a Challenge for Smart Grid 2.6.1 Cyber Security Model 2.6.2 SCADA System 2.6.3 Cryptograph 2.6.4 Constraints 2.6.5 General Cryptographic Issues 2.7 Conclusions References 3 An Overview of Quantum Computing Approach in the Present-Day Energy Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basic Concept 3.2.1 Quantum Computing 3.2.2 Energy System 3.3 Related Works 3.4 Optimization in Present-Day Energy Systems 3.5 Impact of Quantum Computing on Energy and Utilities 3.6 Conclusion References 4 Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm-Based Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Capacitor Bank in Radial Distribution Networks 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Problem Formulation 4.2.1 Constraints 4.3 Determining the Potential Locations 4.4 Load Flow 4.5 SOS Algorithm and Capacitor Placement 4.5.1 Mutualism Phase 4.5.2 Commensalism Phase 4.5.3 Parasitism Phase 4.6 Results and Discussion 4.6.1 Case Study 1: IEEE 69 Bus RDS 4.6.2 Case Study 2: IEEE 85 Bus RDS 4.6.3 Case Study 3: IEEE 118 Bus RDS 4.7 Conclusion References 5 Optimization of the Mechanical Properties of Energy-Efficient Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Composites 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methodology 5.2.1 Materials 5.2.2 Surface Treatment of Fibers 5.2.3 Fabrication of Composites 5.2.4 Testing of Mechanical Properties 5.2.5 Selection of Process Parameters 5.2.6 Taguchi Analysis 5.2.7 Analysis of Variance and Regression Analysis 5.2.8 Water Absorption Test 5.2.9 Thermal Analysis 5.2.10 Morphological Analysis 5.3 Results and Discussions 5.3.1 Tensile Characterization of Composites 5.3.2 Flexural Characteristics of Composites 5.3.3 Regression Analysis 5.3.4 Test for Water Absorption by the Composites 5.3.5 Thermal Property—Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 5.3.6 Morphological Analysis 5.4 Conclusions References 6 Extended State Observer-Based Controller Design Application in a Two-Link Robotic Manipulator 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 A Subsection Sample 6.2 Problem Formation 6.2.1 Model Description 6.2.2 Controller Design 6.2.3 Algorithm Description 6.2.4 Illustrative Example 6.3 Conclusion References 7 Optimisation of Energy and Exergy Analysis of 100 W Solar Photovoltaic Module Using ANN Method 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Method to be Consider 7.2.1 Solar Panel Energy Efficiency 7.2.2 To Determine Solar Photovoltaic Modules Exergy Efficiency 7.3 Detailed Study of an Experiment 7.4 Result and Analysis 7.5 Conclusion References 8 Obstructed Material Classification Using mmWave Radar with Deep Neural Network for Industrial Applications 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Literature Review 8.3 Objectives 8.4 Method 8.5 Results 8.6 Discussion and Evaluation 8.7 Conclusions 8.8 Future Work References 9 Modeling and Simulation of Plain and Corrugated Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodology 9.2.1 Governing Equations 9.2.2 Modeling 9.3 Results and Discussion 9.3.1 Straight Tube Heat Exchanger 9.3.2 Corrugated Heat Exchanger 9.3.3 Straight Tube Heat Exchanger with Baffles 9.4 Conclusion References 10 Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Wind Turbine Blades at Various Angles of Attack 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Blade Geometry and Computational Domain 10.2.1 Meshing 10.2.2 Setting the Boundary Conditions 10.3 Validation 10.4 Result and Discussions 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Computational Analysis of Air Energy Extractors for Guided Flow Exhaust Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 11.2.1 Key Performance Parameters 11.2.2 H-Darrieus Wind Turbine and Cooling Tower Parameters 11.2.3 Flow Augmentation Study Methods for Cooling Tower Exhaust Air Energy Extractions 11.2.4 Computational Domain, Mesh, and Flow Physics Conditions 11.2.5 Grid Independence and Time Step Sensitivity Test 11.2.6 Model Validation 11.3 Results and Discussions 11.3.1 Average Moment and Power Coefficients 11.3.2 Flow Analysis Around Bare HDWT and HDWT with Guide Vanes at TSR 1.5 11.3.3 Flow Analysis Around Bare HDWT and HDWT with Cycloidal Diffusers at TSR 2.0 11.4 Conclusion References 12 Computational Simulations on the Performance of Savonius Turbines in a Solar Chimney Power Plant 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Solar Chimney Power Plant 12.1.2 Wind Turbines 12.2 Application of SSWT 12.3 Methodology 12.3.1 Computational Modelling 12.3.2 Mathematical Modelling 12.3.3 Turbine Validation 12.3.4 SCPP Validation 12.4 Results and Discussion 12.4.1 Turbine Validation 12.4.2 SCPP Validation 12.4.3 Performance of SSWT in the SCPP 12.5 Conclusion References 13 Presentation of Real-Time Lab Analysis for Multiple-Area Renewable Sources-Thermal-Hydro System by Implementation of Cat Swarm Optimization 13.1 Introduction 13.2 System Investigated 13.3 Proposed Cascade PD-FOID Controller 13.4 Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) 13.5 Results and Analysis 13.5.1 System Dynamics with Thermal System 13.6 Conclusions Appendix References 14 Impact of Electric Vehicles and Wind Turbine in Combined ALFC and AVR Studies Using AFA-Optimized CFPD-PIDN Controller 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Methodology 14.2.1 System Investigation 14.2.2 ALFC and AVR Loops Interaction 14.2.3 Modelling of Thermal and Wind Plants 14.2.4 Modelling of Electric Vehicles 14.2.5 Proposed Cascade Fuzzy PD and PIDN (CFPD-PIDN) Controller 14.3 Artificial Flora Algorithm 14.4 Result Analysis 14.4.1 Comparison of Performance Index with AFA-PIDN 14.4.2 Comparison of GWO-PIDN, TLBO-PIDN, and AFA-PIDN 14.4.3 Comparison of System Performance with PIDN and CFPD-PIDN Controllers 14.4.4 Effect of EVs on System Dynamics 14.4.5 Effect of Kev Variations on the System Dynamics 14.4.6 Wind System Impact on System Dynamics 14.4.7 Sensitivity Analysis 14.5 Conclusion Appendix References 15 A QSSA Optimized Fractional-Order Controller for Improving Transient Response in AC Autonomous Microgrid VSC System 15.1 Introduction 15.2 MG System and Proposed Control Scheme 15.2.1 Droop Controller for Improved Transient Response 15.2.2 Inner Loop Voltage and Current Controller 15.2.3 Overview of the Optimization Algorithm 15.2.4 QSSA Optimization of the Proposed Controller 15.3 Simulation Results 15.3.1 Step Load Variations on Microgrid 15.3.2 Momentary Fault (LL-G) on Microgrid System 15.4 Conclusion References 16 Conflated Voltage–Frequency Control of Multi-area Multi-source System Using Fuzzy TID Controller and Its Real-Time Validation 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Unified Power System Under Study 16.2.1 Modeling of the Cross-Coupling Coefficients Within ALFCs and AVRs 16.2.2 Modeling of Electric Vehicle 16.3 Fuzzy Logic-Based Tilt-Integral-Derivative (FTID) Controller 16.4 Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) Algorithm 16.5 Simulation Results and Their Outcomes 16.5.1 System Performance Comparison by Different Controllers 16.5.2 Study of Different Controllers in AVR and the Effect of AVR on Conflated System 16.5.3 Sensitivity Study 16.5.4 Study of the Proposed System in OPAL-RT OP 4510 Hardware Setup 16.6 Conclusion References