Society: the basics

Description

Society: The Basics utilizes a complete theoretical framework and a global perspective to offer students an accessible and relevant introduction to sociology. John Macionis, author of the best-selling Introductory Sociology franchise over the last three decades, empowers students to see the world around them through a sociological lens, helping them to better understand their own lives. Informative as well as engaging, Society: The Basics will change the way readers see the world, and open the door to a new perspective and new opportunities. In addition to extensively updated data, the Fourteenth Edition offers engaging discussions of hot-button contemporary topics such as the increased proliferation of social media as well as expanded coverage of race, class, and gender. Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Brief Contents......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Boxes......Page 15 REVEL Boxes......Page 16 Maps......Page 17 Preface......Page 20 About the Author......Page 27 Chapter 1 Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method......Page 28 The Power of Society to guide our choices in marriage partners......Page 29 SEEING THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR......Page 30 SEEING THE STRANGE IN THE FAMILIAR......Page 31 SEEING SOCIETY IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES......Page 32 SEEING SOCIOLOGICALLY: MARGINALITY AND CRISIS......Page 33 THE IMPORTANCE OF A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 35 THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY......Page 36 SOCIOLOGY AND PERSONAL GROWTH......Page 38 CAREERS: THE “SOCIOLOGY ADVANTAGE”......Page 39 THE STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH......Page 40 THE SOCIAL-CONFLICT APPROACH......Page 42 RACE-CONFLICT THEORY......Page 43 1.4: Describe sociology’s three research orientations.......Page 45 POSITIVIST SOCIOLOGY......Page 47 INTERPRETIVE SOCIOLOGY......Page 49 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY......Page 50 GENDER......Page 51 RESEARCH ETHICS......Page 52 TESTING A HYPOTHESIS: THE EXPERIMENT......Page 54 ASKING QUESTIONS: SURVEY RESEARCH......Page 55 IN THE FIELD: PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION......Page 57 USING AVAILABLE DATA: EXISTING SOURCES......Page 60 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: TEN STEPS IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH......Page 63 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 65 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 66 Making the Grade......Page 67 Chapter 2 Culture......Page 69 The Power of Society to guide our attitudes on social issues such as abortion......Page 70 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival.......Page 71 HOW MANY CULTURES?......Page 74 LANGUAGE......Page 75 VALUES AND BELIEFS......Page 78 IDEAL AND REAL CULTURE......Page 80 HUNTING AND GATHERING......Page 81 INDUSTRY......Page 82 HIGH CULTURE AND POPULAR CULTURE......Page 83 SUBCULTURE......Page 84 MULTICULTURALISM......Page 85 CULTURAL CHANGE......Page 88 ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM......Page 89 A GLOBAL CULTURE?......Page 91 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: THE FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE......Page 92 FEMINIST THEORY: GENDER AND CULTURE......Page 93 SOCIOBIOLOGY: EVOLUTION AND CULTURE......Page 94 CULTURE AS FREEDOM......Page 95 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 96 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 97 Making the Grade......Page 98 Chapter 3 Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age......Page 100 The Power of Society to shape how much television we watch......Page 101 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: NATURE AND NURTURE......Page 102 SOCIAL ISOLATION......Page 103 SIGMUND FREUD’S ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY......Page 104 JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT......Page 105 LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 106 GEORGE HERBERT MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SOCIAL SELF......Page 107 THE FAMILY......Page 109 THE PEER GROUP......Page 111 THE MASS MEDIA......Page 112 CHILDHOOD......Page 115 ADULTHOOD......Page 116 OLD AGE......Page 117 DEATH AND DYING......Page 118 3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions.......Page 119 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 122 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 123 Making the Grade......Page 124 Chapter 4 Social Interaction in Everyday Life......Page 126 The Power of Society to guide the way we do social networking......Page 127 4.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations.......Page 128 4.3: State the importance of role to social organization.......Page 129 ROLE SET......Page 130 4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality.......Page 131 ETHNOMETHODOLOGY......Page 133 THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA......Page 134 PERFORMANCES......Page 135 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION......Page 136 IDEALIZATION......Page 137 EMBARRASSMENT AND TACT......Page 138 EMOTIONS: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF FEELING......Page 139 LANGUAGE: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER......Page 140 REALITY PLAY: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HUMOR......Page 142 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 145 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 146 Making the Grade......Page 147 Chapter 5 Groups and Organizations......Page 149 The Power of Society to link people into groups......Page 150 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS......Page 151 GROUP CONFORMITY......Page 153 IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS......Page 155 SOCIAL DIVERSITY: RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER......Page 156 NETWORKS......Page 157 5.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations.......Page 158 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY......Page 159 THE INFORMAL SIDE OF BUREAUCRACY......Page 160 PROBLEMS OF BUREAUCRACY......Page 161 OLIGARCHY......Page 162 THE FIRST CHALLENGE: RACE AND GENDER......Page 163 THE THIRD CHALLENGE: THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK......Page 164 THE “MCDONALDIZATION” OF SOCIETY......Page 166 THE FUTURE OF ORGANIZATIONS: OPPOSING TRENDS......Page 167 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 169 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 170 Making the Grade......Page 171 Chapter 6 Sexuality and Society......Page 173 The Power of Society to shape our attitudes on social issues involving sexuality......Page 174 6.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue.......Page 175 SEX: A BIOLOGICAL ISSUE......Page 176 SEX: A CULTURAL ISSUE......Page 177 THE INCEST TABOO......Page 178 6.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States.......Page 179 THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION......Page 180 THE SEXUAL COUNTERREVOLUTION......Page 181 EXTRAMARITAL SEX......Page 182 WHAT GIVES US A SEXUAL ORIENTATION?......Page 183 HOW MANY GAY PEOPLE ARE THERE?......Page 184 THE GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT......Page 185 TEEN PREGNANCY......Page 187 PORNOGRAPHY......Page 188 PROSTITUTION......Page 189 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY......Page 190 SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY......Page 192 SOCIAL-CONFLICT AND FEMINIST THEORIES......Page 193 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 197 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 198 Making the Grade......Page 199 Chapter 7 Deviance......Page 201 The Power of Society to affect the odds of being incarcerated for using drugs......Page 202 SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 203 PERSONALITY FACTORS......Page 204 THE SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVIANCE......Page 205 DURKHEIM’S BASIC INSIGHT......Page 206 MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY......Page 207 DEVIANT SUBCULTURES......Page 208 LABELING THEORY......Page 209 THE DIFFERENCE LABELS MAKE......Page 210 HIRSCHI’S CONTROL THEORY......Page 211 DEVIANCE AND CAPITALISM......Page 212 CORPORATE CRIME......Page 213 FEMINIST THEORY: DEVIANCE AND GENDER......Page 214 TYPES OF CRIME......Page 216 THE STREET CRIMINAL: A PROFILE......Page 217 CRIME IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 220 POLICE......Page 222 PUNISHMENT......Page 223 THE DEATH PENALTY......Page 225 COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS......Page 226 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 228 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 229 Making the Grade......Page 230 Chapter 8 Social Stratification......Page 232 The Power of Society to shape our chances of living in poverty......Page 233 8.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world.......Page 234 THE CASTE SYSTEM......Page 235 THE CLASS SYSTEM......Page 236 CASTE AND CLASS: THE UNITED KINGDOM......Page 238 CLASSLESS SOCIETIES? THE FORMER SOVIET UNION......Page 239 CHINA: EMERGING SOCIAL CLASSES......Page 240 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: THE DAVIS-MOORE THESIS......Page 242 SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORIES: KARL MARX AND MAX WEBER......Page 244 SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: STRATIFICATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 247 THE KUZNETS CURVE......Page 248 INCOME, WEALTH, AND POWER......Page 250 OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE......Page 251 SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 252 THE DIFFERENCE CLASS MAKES......Page 255 RESEARCH ON MOBILITY......Page 257 MOBILITY AND MARRIAGE......Page 260 THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND THE U.S. CLASS STRUCTURE......Page 261 WHO ARE THE POOR?......Page 262 EXPLAINING POVERTY......Page 263 HOMELESSNESS......Page 265 ARE THE VERY RICH WORTH THE MONEY?......Page 267 CAN THE REST OF US GET AHEAD?......Page 268 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 269 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 270 Making the Grade......Page 271 Chapter 9 Global Stratification......Page 273 The Power of Society to determine a child’s chance of survival to age five......Page 274 A WORD ABOUT TERMINOLOGY......Page 276 HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES......Page 277 MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES......Page 279 9.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world.......Page 280 The Severity of Poverty......Page 281 The Extent of Poverty......Page 282 Poverty and Children......Page 283 Slavery......Page 284 9.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.......Page 286 MODERNIZATION THEORY......Page 287 DEPENDENCY THEORY......Page 289 THE FUTURE OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION......Page 292 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 294 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 295 Making the Grade......Page 296 Chapter 10 Gender Stratification......Page 298 The Power of Society to guide our life choices......Page 299 MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES......Page 300 GENDER IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 301 PATRIARCHY AND SEXISM......Page 302 GENDER AND THE FAMILY......Page 304 GENDER AND THE MASS MEDIA......Page 305 10.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions.......Page 306 WORKING WOMEN AND MEN......Page 307 GENDER, INCOME, AND WEALTH......Page 308 GENDER AND EDUCATION......Page 309 GENDER AND POLITICS......Page 310 GENDER AND THE MILITARY......Page 311 VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN......Page 312 SEXUAL HARASSMENT......Page 313 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY......Page 315 SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY......Page 316 SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY......Page 317 INTERSECTION THEORY......Page 318 BASIC FEMINIST IDEAS......Page 319 TYPES OF FEMINISM......Page 320 PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR FEMINISM......Page 321 GENDER: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 322 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 323 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 324 Making the Grade......Page 325 Chapter 11 Race and Ethnicity......Page 327 The Power of Society to shape political attitudes......Page 328 RACE......Page 329 ETHNICITY......Page 331 MINORITIES......Page 332 11.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice.......Page 333 MEASURING PREJUDICE: THE SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE......Page 335 THEORIES OF PREJUDICE......Page 336 11.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice.......Page 337 PLURALISM......Page 338 SEGREGATION......Page 339 11.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society.......Page 340 NATIVE AMERICANS......Page 341 AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 343 ASIAN AMERICANS......Page 345 HISPANIC AMERICANS/LATINOS......Page 349 ARAB AMERICANS......Page 350 WHITE ETHNIC AMERICANS......Page 351 RACE AND ETHNICITY: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 352 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 354 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 355 Making the Grade......Page 356 Chapter 12 Economics and Politics......Page 358 The Power of Society to shape our choices in jobs......Page 359 12.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy.......Page 360 THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION AND POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY......Page 361 THE GLOBAL ECONOMY......Page 362 CAPITALISM......Page 364 SOCIALISM......Page 365 RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM......Page 366 12.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States.......Page 367 LABOR UNIONS......Page 368 PROFESSIONS......Page 369 UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT......Page 371 THE “JOBLESS RECOVERY”......Page 372 NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND WORK......Page 373 CORPORATIONS: ARE THEY COMPETITIVE?......Page 375 THE ECONOMY: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 376 MONARCHY......Page 377 DEMOCRACY......Page 378 TOTALITARIANISM......Page 380 THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM......Page 381 SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS......Page 383 SHOULD CONVICTED CRIMINALS VOTE?......Page 385 THE POWER-ELITE MODEL: A FEW PEOPLE RULE......Page 386 THE MARXIST MODEL: THE SYSTEM IS BIASED......Page 387 REVOLUTION......Page 388 TERRORISM......Page 389 SOCIAL CLASS, GENDER, AND THE MILITARY......Page 390 THE COSTS AND CAUSES OF MILITARISM......Page 392 PURSUING PEACE......Page 393 POLITICS: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 394 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 396 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 397 Making the Grade......Page 398 Chapter 13 Family and Religion......Page 400 The Power of Society to shape our values and beliefs......Page 401 13.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world.......Page 402 MARRIAGE PATTERNS......Page 403 PATTERNS OF DESCENT......Page 404 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY......Page 405 MICRO-LEVEL THEORIES: CONSTRUCTING FAMILY LIFE......Page 406 COURTSHIP AND ROMANTIC LOVE......Page 407 THE FAMILY IN LATER LIFE......Page 409 CHILD REARING......Page 408 U.S. FAMILIES: CLASS, RACE, AND GENDER......Page 410 DIVORCE......Page 413 REMARRIAGE AND BLENDED FAMILIES......Page 415 ONE-PARENT FAMILIES......Page 416 GAY AND LESBIAN COUPLES......Page 417 EXTENDED FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS......Page 418 FAMILIES: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 419 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION......Page 421 SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: CONSTRUCTING THE SACRED......Page 422 FEMINIST THEORY: GENDER AND RELIGION......Page 423 LIBERATION THEOLOGY......Page 424 TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS: CHURCH, SECT, AND CULT......Page 425 RELIGION IN HISTORY......Page 426 RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION......Page 427 RELIGIOSITY......Page 429 RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY: CLASS, ETHNICITY, AND RACE......Page 430 SECULARIZATION......Page 431 “NEW AGE” SEEKERS: SPIRITUALITY WITHOUT FORMAL RELIGION......Page 432 RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: “GOOD OLD-TIME RELIGION”......Page 433 RELIGION: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 434 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 436 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 437 Making the Grade......Page 438 Chapter 14 Education, Health, and Medicine......Page 440 The Power of Society to open the door to college......Page 441 SCHOOLING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 442 SCHOOLING IN JAPAN......Page 443 SCHOOLING IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 444 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: THE FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLING......Page 445 SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: THE SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY......Page 446 SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY: SCHOOLING AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY......Page 447 STUDENT PASSIVITY......Page 452 DROPPING OUT......Page 453 SCHOOL CHOICE......Page 454 ADULT EDUCATION......Page 456 SCHOOLING: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 457 HEALTH IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES......Page 459 Health in the United States: Age, Gender, Class, and Race......Page 460 CIGARETTE SMOKING......Page 462 OBESITY......Page 463 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES......Page 464 ETHICAL ISSUES SURROUNDING DEATH......Page 467 HOLISTIC MEDICINE......Page 468 Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey......Page 469 Paying for Medical Care: The United States......Page 470 The Nursing Shortage......Page 471 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: ROLE ANALYSIS......Page 472 SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: THE MEANING OF HEALTH......Page 473 SOCIAL-CONFLICT AND FEMINIST THEORIES: INEQUALITY AND HEALTH......Page 474 HEALTH AND MEDICINE: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 475 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 477 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 478 Making the Grade......Page 479 Chapter 15 Population, Urbanization, and Environment......Page 481 The Power of Society to shape our view of global warming......Page 482 FERTILITY......Page 483 MORTALITY......Page 484 MIGRATION......Page 485 POPULATION GROWTH......Page 486 15.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory.......Page 487 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY......Page 488 GLOBAL POPULATION TODAY: A BRIEF SURVEY......Page 489 15.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world.......Page 490 THE GROWTH OF U.S. CITIES......Page 491 POSTINDUSTRIAL SUNBELT CITIES......Page 492 EDGE CITIES......Page 493 15.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life.......Page 494 GEORG SIMMEL: THE BLASÉ URBANITE......Page 495 URBAN ECOLOGY......Page 496 URBAN POLITICAL ECONOMY......Page 497 15.5: Describe the third urban revolution now under way in poor societies.......Page 498 THE GLOBAL DIMENSION......Page 499 CULTURE: GROWTH AND LIMITS......Page 500 SOLID WASTE: THE DISPOSABLE SOCIETY......Page 501 WATER AND AIR......Page 503 THE RAIN FORESTS......Page 504 DECLINING BIODIVERSITY......Page 505 ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM......Page 506 TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY AND WORLD......Page 507 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 509 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 510 Making the Grade......Page 511 Chapter 16 Social Change: Modern and Postmodern Societies......Page 513 The Power of Society to encourage or discourage participation in social movements......Page 514 16.1: State four defining characteristics of social change.......Page 515 CULTURE AND CHANGE......Page 516 COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND CHANGE......Page 517 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND CHANGE......Page 519 DISASTERS: UNEXPECTED CHANGE......Page 521 16.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity.......Page 522 FERDINAND TÖNNIES: THE LOSS OF COMMUNITY......Page 524 EMILE DURKHEIM: THE DIVISION OF LABOR......Page 526 MAX WEBER: RATIONALIZATION......Page 527 STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: MODERNITY AS MASS SOCIETY......Page 528 SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY: MODERNITY AS CLASS SOCIETY......Page 530 MODERNITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL......Page 531 MODERNITY: GLOBAL VARIATION......Page 533 16.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism.......Page 535 16.6: Evaluate possible directions of future social change.......Page 536 Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 537 Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 538 Making the Grade......Page 539 Glossary......Page 541 References......Page 547 Credits......Page 571 C......Page 578 G......Page 579 L......Page 580 O......Page 581 S......Page 582 Z......Page 583 C......Page 584 D......Page 585 F......Page 586 H......Page 587 M......Page 588 P......Page 589 S......Page 590 W......Page 592 Z......Page 593