Low-Dimensional Halide Perovskites: Structure, Synthesis, and Applications

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Low-Dimensional Halide Perovskites: Structure, Properties and Applications provides an in-depth look at halide perovskite materials and their applications. Chapters cover history, fundamentals, physiochemical and optoelectronic properties, synthesis and characterization of traditional and Pb-free halide perovskites. The book concludes with sections describing the different applications of halide perovskites for solar cells, light-emitting diodes and photo detectors, as well as the challenges faced in the industrialization of halide perovskite-based devices and forward-thinking prospects for further deployment. Front Cover Low-Dimensional Halide Perovskites: Structure, Synthesis, and Applications Copyright Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Introduction 2. History of MHPs 3. What are MHPs? 4. Chemistry of MHPs 5. Dimensionality of MHPs 5.1. Stability of low-dimensional perovskites 5.2. Optical properties of low-dimensional perovskites 6. Conclusions and prospects References Chapter 2: Fundamentals and classification of halide perovskites 1. Discovery and fundamental structure of halide perovskites 2. Dimensions of halide perovskites 2.1. Applications of 3D and 2D perovskite materials 2.1.1. Solar cells 2.1.2. Light-emitting diodes 2.1.3. Lasers 3. Compositional engineering of perovskites 3.1. A-site cations mixture 3.2. X-site anions mixture 3.3. Concurrent mixing of A-cations and halides-anions 4. Transport phenomena in light absorber materials: Impact on the measurement protocols 5. Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 3: Structural effects on halide perovskite properties 1. Introduction 2. Composition and crystal structure of halide perovskite 3. Optoelectronic properties 3.1. Effects of changing stoichiometry (ABX3) on bandgap energy 3.1.1. Changing halide atoms (X) 3.1.2. Changing metal atoms (B) 3.1.3. Changing cations (A) 3.1.4. Doping 3.1.5. Reducing the size (quantum confinement effect) 4. Thermal transport in halide perovskite 4.1. Compositional effect on thermal conductance 5. Other outstanding properties 5.1. Ferroelectricity 5.2. Ferroelasticity 6. Conclusion References Chapter 4: Synthesis techniques of metal halide perovskites 1. Introduction 2. Techniques for the preparation of thin films 2.1. Vacuum-based methods 2.1.1. Physical deposition methods Vacuum thermal evaporation Sputtering Laser deposition 2.1.2. Chemical deposition methods Chemical vapor deposition Atomic layer deposition 2.1.3. Hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition 2.2. Solution-processed methods 2.2.1. Lab scale One-step deposition Two-step deposition 2.2.2. Scalable techniques 2.3. Hybrid vapor-solution methods 2.3.1. Vapor-assisted solution-processing methods 3. Techniques for the preparation of colloidal nanocrystals 3.1. Bottom-up methods 3.1.1. Liquid phase Hot injection Precipitation methods Miscible solvents 3.1.2. Immiscible solvents: Emulsion techniques Heat-up-``related´´ techniques 3.1.3. Solvothermal 3.1.4. Microwave 3.1.5. Ultrasonication 3.1.6. Heat-up 3.1.7. Solid phase 3.2. Top-down methods 3.2.1. Mechanochemical synthesis Grinding: Milling Exfoliation (Ultrasonication) 3.2.2. Photo-induced methods 4. Challenges and perspectives 5. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 5: Ab initio studies on perovskites 1. Band gap and other electronic properties 2. Ferroelectricity of hybrid perovskites 3. Point defects 4. 2D-3D perovskites 5. Perovskite/ETL and perovskite/HTL interfaces 5.1. Titanium dioxide 5.2. Zinc oxide 5.3. Copper oxides 5.4. Nickel oxides 5.5. Graphene 6. MD studies in hybrid perovskites 6.1. Ab initio MD 6.2. Force field methods 7. More applications of MD methods 7.1. Effects of water molecules 7.2. Temperature effects 7.3. Ionic transport 7.4. Hysteresis 8. Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 6: Lead-free halide perovskites 1. Introduction 2. Different Pb-free perovskite composition and crystalline structures 2.1. Pb-free perovskites 2.1.1. AB2+X3 type perovskites 2.1.2. A2B+B3+X6 type double perovskites 2.1.3. A2B4+X6 type vacancy-ordered double perovskites 2.1.4. A4B3+B5+X12 type vacancy-ordered perovskites 2.1.5. Chalcogenide-substitution: (ABIVCh3, ABIII (X, Ch)3) type perovskites 2.2. Low-dimensional Pb-free perovskites 2.2.1. 2D A2B2+X4 type perovskites 2.2.2. 2D A4B+B3+X8 type double perovskites 2.2.3. 2D A3B3+2X9 type perovskites 2.2.4. 2D A4B2+B3+2X12 type perovskites 2.2.5. 1D AB2+X3 type perovskites 2.2.6. 1D A2B3+X5 type perovskites 2.2.7. 0D A3B23+X9 type perovskites (dimer phases) 3. Optical properties 3.1. Absorption and photoluminescence 3.2. Absorption and photoluminescence of Sn-based Pb-free perovskites 3.3. Absorption and photoluminescence of Bi-based Pb-free perovskites 4. Electronic properties 4.1. Transport of charge carriers in Pb-free perovskites 4.1.1. Ionic conduction in organic-inorganic perovskites 4.2. Electronic charge transport properties 5. Pb-free perovskite for optoelectronic devices 5.1. Solar cells 5.2. LED 5.3. Detectors 5.4. Memristor 5.5. Humidity sensor 6. Stability of Pb-free perovskites 6.1. Sn-based halide perovskites 6.2. Bi and Sb-based halide perovskites 6.3. Germanium perovskites 6.4. Alloyed perovskites 7. Future outlooks and remarks References Further reading Chapter 7: Low-dimensional halide perovskite for solar cell applications 1. Introduction 2. Perovskite solar cells of low-dimensional halide perovskite 2.1. Perovskite solar cells with 0D halide perovskite 2.2. PSC with 1D halide perovskite 2.2.1. Perovskite solar cells with 2D halide perovskite 3. Current challenges regarding commercialization of halide perovskites solar cells and prospects 3.1. Perovskite solar cells with toxic lead-free low-dimensional halide perovskite 3.1.1. Tin-based low-dimensional halide perovskite for solar cells 3.1.2. Copper-based perovskites 3.1.3. Germanium-based perovskite 3.1.4. Bithmus-based perovskites 3.2. Metal halide perovskite for solar cell applications 3.2.1. Organic metal halide perovskite solar cells 3.2.2. Inorganic and hybrid metal halide perovskite 4. Conclusions References Chapter 8: Halide perovskite for light-emitting diodes 1. Introduction 1.1. Why perovskite LEDs are good? 2. The application of LED in halide perovskite 2.1. Electroluminescence LEDs (Active LEDs) 2.1.1. Charge carrier recombination 2.1.2. Various schemes toward improving the performance of PeLEDs 2.2. Photoluminescent LED (passive LED backlight) 3. Lead-free perovskite LED 4. Perovskite LED stability 5. Current challenge and perspective of perovskite LEDs References Chapter 9: Other applications of halide perovskites 1. Introduction 2. Halide perovskite for batteries and supercapacitors 3. Gas sensing application of organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite material 3.1. Gas sensing mechanism 3.2. Gas sensor based on inorganic and hybrid metal halide perovskite 3.3. Future prospects 4. Resistive switching random access memory (ReRAM) devices using metal halide perovskite 4.1. Conduction filament formation 4.2. Importance of I-V hysteresis 4.3. Device working principle 4.4. Role of metal electrodes 4.5. Quality factors and their limitations 4.6. Progress in perovskite-based ReRAM devices 4.7. Stability and low-dimensional perovskite-based devices 5. Piezoelectric energy harvesting using halide perovskites 6. Importance of halide perovskite for piezoelectricity 7. Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 10: Halide perovskite for photodetector applications 1. Introduction 2. Photodetectors 2.1. Vertical photoconductors 2.2. Lateral photoconductors 2.3. Factors influencing the performances of photodetectors 3. Inorganic halide perovskite photoconductor 4. Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite photodetector 5. Memory devices 6. Sensors 7. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 11: Techno-economic analysis and toxicity of halide perovskites 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Techno-economic analysis of different types of perovskite-based PV modules 3.1. Perovskite single-junction PV module 3.2. Perovskite/silicon tandem PV module 4. Toxicity of perovskite solar cells 5. Comparison to other existing PV technologies 6. Challenges and future perspective References Chapter 12: Recycling of halide perovskites 1. Introduction 2. Stability and degradation of halide perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) 2.1. Effects of light illumination, atmosphere, and humidity 2.2. Effects of temperature 2.3. Effects of light cycling 2.4. Effects of electrical load 3. Impact of environment on HPSCs and impact of HPSCs on environment 4. Recycling measures to counter the environmental hazards 4.1. Recycling of PbI2 4.2. Recycling of FTO conducting glass 4.3. Recycling of MAPbI3 perovskite 4.4. Recycling of perovskite solar cells 5. Circular economy and recycling policies 6. Improving the efficiency of HPSCs 6.1. Photon recycling in halide perovskites 6.2. Integrating HPSCs with other power technologies 7. Conclusion and future scope 1IntroductionSolar energy with limitless potential has become the market's cheapest and fastest-growing power sour References Chapter 13: Challenges and future prospects 1. Introduction 2. Environmental issues and toxicity of halide perovskites 3. Stability and orientation control 3.1. Molecular engineering 3.2. Stability and passivation 4. Novel organic cations 5. Halide-layered double perovskites 5.1. Hybrid-layered double perovskites 5.2. All-inorganic layered double perovskites 5.3. Other LDPs 6. Low-dimensional halide perovskite heterostructures 6.1. 2D van der Waals heterostructures (vertically stacked) 6.2. Lateral epitaxial heterostructures 7. Future applications 8. Conclusions References Index Back Cover