Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems
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This book focuses on explaining the distribution of sexual systems (simultaneous hermaphroditism, sequential hermaphroditism, environmental sex determination,dioecy, androdioecy, etc.) among taxa, which remains a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Although significant advances have been made for angiosperms, there is not yet a theory that predicts the sexual system for the majority of animal taxa, and other taxa of plants also remain poorly understood. The problem, particularly for animals, is that sexual systems can be very conservative, with whole phyla and classes being characterized by a single sexual system; for example essentially the whole phylum Platyhelminthes is simultaneously hermaphroditic, whereas the Insecta (Hexapoda) and the Tetrapoda among the vertebrates, are exclusively dioecious. Sex allocation theory on the other hand, suggests that sexual systems should be highly responsive to evolution, changing with population density, life span, patterns of resource availability, etc. The book provides an overview of the topic and then presents a series of chapters, each dealing with a taxon with substantial lability in sexual system in order to identify the factors associated with changes in sexual system in each case. By doing so, the authors reveal factors that have not been considered in formal theory but seem to have a major impact on transitions between sexual systems. This book appeals to a wide readership in fields from zoology and evolutionary biology to botany. Front Matter ....Pages i-xii The Evolution of Sexual Systems in Animals (Janet L. Leonard)....Pages 1-58 Phylogeny, Evolution, and Ecology of Sexual Systems Across the Land Plants (Andrea L. Case, Linley K. Jesson)....Pages 59-79 Transitions Between Combined and Separate Sexes in Flowering Plants (John R. Pannell)....Pages 81-98 The Evolution of Uniparental Reproduction in Rhabditina Nematodes: Phylogenetic Patterns, Developmental Causes, and Surprising Consequences (Eric S. Haag, Johannes Helder, Paul J. W. Mooijman, Da Yin, Shuang Hu)....Pages 99-122 Polychaete Worms on the Brink Between Hermaphroditism and Separate Sexes (Laura Picchi, Maria Cristina Lorenzi)....Pages 123-163 Sex-Determining Mechanisms in Bivalves (Sophie Breton, Charlotte Capt, Davide Guerra, Donald Stewart)....Pages 165-192 Transitions in Sexual and Reproductive Strategies Among the Caenogastropoda (Rachel Collin)....Pages 193-220 Hermaphrodites, Dwarf Males, and Females: Evolutionary Transitions of Sexual Systems in Barnacles (Yoichi Yusa)....Pages 221-245 Life History Constraints Facilitate the Evolution of Androdioecy and Male Dwarfing (Sachi Yamaguchi)....Pages 247-267 Sexual Systems in Shrimps (Infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852), with Special Reference to the Historical Origin and Adaptive Value of Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphroditism (J. Antonio Baeza)....Pages 269-310 Environmental and Genetic Sex Determining Mechanisms in Fishes (John Godwin, Reade Roberts)....Pages 311-344 Causes and Consequences of Evolutionary Transitions in the Level of Phenotypic Plasticity of Reptilian Sex Determination (Nicole Valenzuela)....Pages 345-363
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