Introduction to anatomy and physiology for healthcare students

Description

Cover Title Copyright Contents Acronyms and chemical symbols Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Atoms, elements and compounds Starting small Atoms Elements Neutrons Stable or unstable? Compounds Covalent and hydrogen bonding Ionic bonding Ions and electrolytes Diffusion Osmosis pH Metabolism Fluid compartments Fluid balance Chapter 1: Test yourself 2. Cells, tissues and organs The cell membrane Ion channels Active transport Cell-eating and drinking Cytoplasm The nucleus and DNA Genetic information Mutation Genetic diversity Cell division Mitochondria and cellular respiration Cellular energy Ribosomes and RNA Manufacturing proteins Translation Endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body Lysosomes Ageing Programmed cell death Predicting death Tissue types Epithelial cells Connective tissue Dense and specialised connective tissue Muscle tissue Voluntary muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue Organs and organ systems Chapter 2: Test yourself Note 3. Homeostasis Fuel - energy - waste Negative feedback Positive feedback Oxytocin and breastfeeding Integumentary system Melanocytes Merkel and langerhans cells Dermis Sweat glands Apocrine glands Hair Hair structure Tiny muscles Sebaceous glands Nerve endings Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Thermoregulation Circadian rhythm Heat exchange Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation Warming up Shivering and piloerection Hypothermia Treating hypothermia Cooling down Fever Chapter 3: Test yourself 4. Skeletal system Muscle Organisation of skeletal muscles Skeletal system Skull and sinuses Spine and ribs Ossicles and hyoid bone Appendicular skeleton Foot bones Bone tissue Ossification Growth plates Bone structure Compact and spongy bone Bone marrow Bone density and the role of hormones Thyroid and parathyroid hormones Growth hormone, oestrogen and testosterone Cartilage growth Cartilage types Fibrocartilage Sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses Synovial joints Types of joint Fractures Bleeding and healing Chapter 4: Test yourself 5. Blood Plasma Plasma proteins Blood cell differentiation Haemoglobin Carbon monoxide Erythrocytes Erythropoiesis ABO blood types and transfusion Detection and destruction Universal donor and universal recipient Antigen prevalence Rhesus status Agglutination Rhesus status and pregnancy Thrombocytes and the clotting cascade Coagulation Clotting factor deficiencies Chapter 5: Test yourself Note 6. Immunity Types of immunity Skin and secretions Commensals Mucus Self and non-self Parasites Toxoplasma gondii Worms Fungus and yeast Bacteria Viruses Stages of infection Chest infection Internal defences (of the non-specific immune system) Basophils, mast cells and eosinophils Natural killer cells Inflammatory response Prostaglandins, cytokines and the complement system Stages of the inflammatory response Specific immunity and the role of antibodies Antibodies Τ cells Cytotoxic and regulatory Τ cells Memory Τ cells Primary and secondary immune response Vaccination Lymphatic system Lymph nodes Lymphoid organs and tissues Spleen Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Chapter 6: Test yourself 7. Cardiovascular system Circulation Arteries and veins Capillaries Hydrostatic pressure Fluid exchange The heart Pericardium Myocardium and endocardium Four chambers, four vessels, four valves Right side of the heart Left side of the heart Aorta The cardiac cycle Cardiac output Cardiac output and exercise Intrinsic conduction Purkinje fibres Conduction problems Cardiac arrest Surviving cardiac arrest Atrial fibrillation Speeding up Slowing down Chapter 7: Test yourself 8. Blood pressure Blood pressure Systolic and diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure Venous return Preload and afterload Ejection fraction Short-term control of BP Resistance Cardiovascular centre (CVC) Proprioceptors and chemoreceptors Long-term control of blood pressure Preventing reabsorption Recording blood pressure Korotkoff sounds Chapter 8: Test yourself 9. Respiratory system Lungs Respiration Air and altitude Partial pressure Airways Nasal cavity Warming and humidifying Pharynx Eustachian drainage Oropharynx Larynx Speech Trachea Bronchial tree Asthma Reversing bronchoconstriction Alveoli Gaseous exchange Oxygen transport Oxygen saturation Carbon dioxide transport Respiratory drive Carbonic acid Inspiratory and expiratory centres Expiratory centre Involuntary control of breathing Voluntary control of breathing Hypoxic drive Hyperventilation Chapter 9: Test yourself 10. Renal system Urinary tract Kidneys Drainage Nephron Filtration Reabsorption Secondary active transport Water and glucose transport Secretion and hydrogen ions Urine Fluid balance Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH deficiency Alcohol Water intoxication Fluid replacement Colour, clarity and odour of urine Urinalysis pH, specific gravity, erythrocytes and leucocytes Renal disease Dialysis Chapter 10: Test yourself 11. Digestive system Metabolism Carbohydrate Fibre and protein Fats and cholesterol Vitamins and minerals Pica Hunger and satiety Leptin and body mass index The peritoneum Gastric smooth muscle and mucosa The mouth and salivary glands Swallowing Stomach Gastric secretions Hydrochloric acid and pepsin Intestinal digestion Pancreas Pancreatic enzymes Jejunum and ileum Absorption Liver Functions of the liver Large intestine Commensal bacteria and gas Defecation Toilet reading Chapter 11: Test yourself Notes 12. Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Motor and sensory nerves Neurons Myelin Action potentials Synapses and neurotransmitters Glial cells Microglia, ependymal cells, satellite cells and Schwann cells Neuron damage Pain transmission Acute and chronic pain Nociception Reflexes Special senses Sound and balance Sight Brainstem Midbrain and reticular formation Cerebellum Diencephalon Hypothalamus and pituitary gland Epithalamus and pineal gland Limbic system Fornix and amygdala Cingulpate gyrus and mammillary bodies Olfactory bulbs Corpus callosum and hemispheric lateralisation Split-brain Cerebrum Primary motor cortex Parietal lobe Phantom limb pain Sensory association area Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Stroke Meninges Pia mater and cerebrospinal fluid Chapter 12: Test yourself Notes 13. Endocrine system Hormones Peptides, amino acid derivatives and lipid derivatives Receptors Water- and fat-soluble hormones Hypothalamus Oxytocin and ADH Anterior pituitary hormones Growth hormone Hyper- and hypo-secretion of growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the thyroid gland Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Glucocorticoids Cortisol Cushing's disease Addison's disease Androgens Adrenaline and noradrenaline Pineal gland and melatonin Hormones of the gastrointestinal tract Gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin Insulin and glucagon Amylin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide Diabetes mellitus Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus Hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis Hypoglycaemia Hormones of the kidney Erythropoietin and renin Hormones of the heart and thymus gland Chapter 13: Test yourself 14. Reproductive system Reproduction Alleles Genetic diversity Male reproductive system Scrotum Testes Testosterone Epididymis Sperm transport Seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands Prostate enlargement Urethra, penis and foreskin Erection Semen Ejaculation Vasectomy Female reproductive system Vagina Uterus Uterine tissue Fallopian tubes and fimbriae Ovaries Oogenesis Menstrual cycle and oestrogen Ovulation Progesterone Fertilisation Gender determination Twins and singletons Implantation Placenta Chapter 14: Test yourself Glossary Index