Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics

Description

This book was developed using material from teaching courses on fluid mechanics, high-speed flows, aerodynamics, high-enthalpy flows, experimental methods, aircraft design, heat transfer, introduction to engineering, and wind engineering. It precisely presents the theoretical and application aspects of the terms associated with these courses. It explains concepts such as cyclone, typhoon, hurricane, and tornado, by highlighting the subtle difference between them. The text comprehensively introduces the subject vocabulary of fluid mechanics for use in courses in engineering and the physical sciences. This book • Presents the theoretical aspects and applications of high-speed flows, aerodynamics, high-enthalpy flows, and aircraft design. • Provides a ready reference source for readers to learn essential concepts related to flow physics, rarefied, and stratified flows. • Comprehensively covers topics such as laser Doppler anemometer, latent heat of fusion, and latent heat of vaporisation. • Includes schematic sketches and photographic images to equip the reader with a better view of the concepts. This is ideal study material for senior undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, flow physics, civil engineering, automotive engineering, and manufacturing engineering. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Author 1 Ablation to Axisymmetric Flow 1.1 Ablation 1.2 Ablaze 1.3 Abnormal weather 1.4 Above ground level 1.5 Absolute entropy 1.6 Absolute humidity 1.7 Absolute incidence 1.8 Absolute pressure 1.9 Absolute temperature scale 1.10 Absolute velocity 1.11 Acceleration 1.12 Acceleration due to gravity 1.13 Acceleration work 1.14 Acceptable noise level 1.15 Accuracy vs. precision 1.16 Acetone 1.17 Acid 1.18 Ackeret’s theory 1.19 Acoustics 1.20 Acoustical engineering 1.21 Active control 1.22 Active transport 1.23 Actuator disc theory 1.24 Adhesion 1.25 Adiabatic efficiency of nozzles 1.26 Adiabatic flame temperature 1.27 Adiabatic process 1.28 Advection 1.29 Advection process 1.30 Adverse pressure gradient 1.31 Adverse yaw 1.32 Aeroacoustics 1.33 Aeroballistics 1.34 Aerobatics 1.35 Aerobraking 1.36 Aerocapture 1.37 Aerodrome 1.38 Aerodynamic centre 1.39 Aerodynamic efficiency 1.40 Aerodynamic forces 1.41 Aerodynamic force and moment coefficients 1.42 Aerodynamic heating 1.43 Aerodynamic problems 1.44 Aerodynamic twist 1.45 Aerodynamics 1.46 Aerodynamics in other fields 1.47 Aerodynamically untwisted aerofoil 1.48 Aeroelasticity 1.49 Aerofoil 1.50 Aerofoil nomenclature 1.51 Aerofoil section 1.52 Aerofoils of small aspect ratio 1.53 Aeronautics 1.54 Aero gravity 1.55 Aeroplane 1.56 Aerosol 1.57 Aerospace 1.58 Aerospace engineering 1.59 Aerothermodynamics 1.60 Afterburner 1.61 Ailerons 1.62 Air 1.63 Air brakes 1.64 Air conditioners 1.65 Air-cooler 1.66 Air flow meter 1.67 Air-fuel ratio 1.68 Air intake system 1.69 Air pollution 1.70 Air traffic control (ATC) 1.71 Aircraft 1.72 Aircraft classification 1.73 Aircraft configurations 1.74 Aeroplane 1.75 Airport 1.76 Airship 1.77 Airspeed 1.78 Airspeed indicator (ASI) 1.79 Airway 1.80 Alcohol 1.81 Alcoholic fermentation 1.82 Alfa Laval nozzle 1.83 Alfa Laval spray nozzle 1.84 Altimeter 1.85 Altitude-compensating nozzle 1.86 Amagat’s law of additive volumes 1.87 Ammonia 1.88 Ammonia and hydrochloric acid 1.89 Ammonia solution 1.90 Amplitude 1.91 Amplitude of sound 1.92 Analogue methods 1.93 Anechoic chamber 1.94 Anemometer 1.95 Anemometer cup 1.96 Aneroid barometer 1.97 Angle of attack 1.98 Angle of attack of helicopter 1.99 Anhedral 1.100 Annular flow 1.101 Annular flow Reynolds number 1.102 Antiseptics 1.103 Aqua regia 1.104 Aquifer 1.105 Arch dam 1.106 Archimedes’ principle 1.107 Area-Mach number relation 1.108 Area-velocity relation 1.109 Argand diagram 1.110 Argon 1.111 Arrow 1.112 Articulated rotor system 1.113 Aspect ratio 1.114 Atlantic hurricane 1.115 Atom 1.116 Atomic mass 1.117 Atomic number 1.118 Atomic physics 1.119 Astronomical unit 1.120 Astronomy 1.121 Astrophysics 1.122 Asymmetrical aerofoil 1.123 Atmosphere 1.124 Atmospheric boundary layer 1.125 Atmospheric boundary layer thickness 1.126 Atmospheric pressure 1.127 Atmospheric temperature 1.128 Atmospheric turbulence 1.129 Audible range of human ear 1.130 Automotive cooling system 1.131 Autorotation 1.132 Availability 1.133 Average chord 1.134 Aviation 1.135 Aviation gasoline 1.136 Avionics 1.137 Avogadro’s law 1.138 Avogadro’s number 1.139 Axial flow fan 1.140 Axial flow pumps 1.141 Axis-switching 1.142 Axisymmetric flow 2 Backflow to Bypass Ratio 2.1 Backflow 2.2 Backpressure 2.3 Back work ratio 2.4 Baking 2.5 Ball valve 2.6 Ballistics 2.7 Ballistic missile 2.8 Balloon 2.9 Banked turn 2.10 Bar 2.11 Barometer 2.12 Barometric pressure 2.13 Barotropic fluids 2.14 Barrage 2.15 Barrel shock 2.16 Base drag 2.17 Base pressure 2.18 Basic dimensions 2.19 Basic laws 2.20 Basic potential equation for compressible flow 2.21 Basic solutions of Laplace’s equation 2.22 Battery 2.23 Beckmann thermometer 2.24 Beer 2.25 Benzene 2.26 Benzene ring 2.27 Bernoulli’s equation 2.28 Bernoulli’s principle 2.29 Betz manometer 2.30 Biharmonic equation 2.31 Bimetallic thermometers 2.32 Binary vapour cycle 2.33 Biogas 2.34 Biot number 2.35 Biot–Savart law 2.36 Biplane 2.37 Black hole 2.38 Black hole types 2.39 Black tea 2.40 Blade angle 2.41 Blade element theory 2.42 Blade loading 2.43 Blade stall 2.44 Blasius boundary layer 2.45 Blasius equation 2.46 Blasius solution 2.47 Blasius theorem 2.48 Blaze 2.49 Blended winglets 2.50 Blenk’s method 2.51 Blockage effect 2.52 Blood 2.53 Blood in the human body 2.54 Blood plasma 2.55 Blood pressure 2.56 Blowdown tunnel operation 2.57 Blower 2.58 Bluff body 2.59 Boat 2.60 Boattail 2.61 Body forces 2.62 Boiling 2.63 Boiling temperature of water 2.64 Boltzmann constant 2.65 Boltzmann distribution 2.66 Boltzmann equation for entropy 2.67 Bond energy 2.68 Booster pump 2.69 Bose–Einstein statistics 2.70 Bosons 2.71 Bound vortex 2.72 Boundary conditions 2.73 Boundary layer 2.74 Boundary layer blowing 2.75 Boundary layer control 2.76 Boundary layer fencing 2.77 Boundary layer suction 2.78 Boundary layer thickness 2.79 Boundary layer tripping 2.80 Bow shock 2.81 Boyle’s law 2.82 Brake horsepower 2.83 Brayton cycle 2.84 Breathing 2.85 Breathing blunt nose technique 2.86 Breeze 2.87 Broadband noise 2.88 Brownian motion 2.89 Bubble 2.90 Bubble flow 2.91 Bucket friction loss coefficient 2.92 Buckingham π-theorem 2.93 Bungee jumping 2.94 Buoyancy 2.95 Butter 2.96 Buttermilk 2.97 Bypass ratio 3 Calcium to Cylindrical Rectangular Aerofoil 3.1 Calcium 3.2 Calcium carbonate 3.3 Calibration 3.4 Caloric equations of state 3.5 Calorical properties 3.6 Calorific value 3.7 Calorific values of fuel 3.8 Camber 3.9 Camberline 3.10 Canard configuration 3.11 Canted winglets 3.12 Capacitance pickup 3.13 Capillary 3.14 Capillary action 3.15 Capillary waves 3.16 Carbonated water 3.17 Carnot cycle 3.18 Carnot heat engine 3.19 Carnot heat pump 3.20 Carnot principles 3.21 Carnot refrigerator 3.22 Carnot’s theorem 3.23 Cascade flow 3.24 Cauchy–Riemann equations 3.25 Cavitation 3.26 Ceiling 3.27 Centre of pressure 3.28 Centre of pressure coefficient 3.29 Centreline decay 3.30 Centrifugal force 3.31 Centrifugal pumps 3.32 Centripetal force 3.33 Channel 3.34 Chaotic advection 3.35 Chaotic flow 3.36 Chaotic mixing 3.37 Characteristics 3.38 Characteristic decay 3.39 Characteristic Mach number 3.40 Charles’ law 3.41 Chemical coating 3.42 Chemical energy 3.43 Chemical equilibrium 3.44 Choking 3.45 Chord of an aerofoil 3.46 Chord line 3.47 Chromatography 3.48 Chromel 3.49 Chromel-alumel thermocouple 3.50 Churn 3.51 Churn flow 3.52 Cider 3.53 Circular motion 3.54 Circular vortex 3.55 Circulation 3.56 Citric acid 3.57 Clapeyron equation 3.58 Classical hydrodynamics 3.59 Classical thermodynamics 3.60 Classification of auxiliary lift devices 3.61 Classification of hypersonic wind tunnels 3.62 Classification of pressure measuring devices 3.63 Classification of wind tunnel balance 3.64 Clausius statement of the second law is thermodynamics 3.65 Claw yaw probe 3.66 Clay 3.67 Closed-circuit tunnel 3.68 Closed-throat tunnel 3.69 Closed system 3.70 Cloud 3.71 Cloudburst 3.72 Coal 3.73 Coanda effect 3.74 Coastal flood 3.75 Coaxial 3.76 Cobra probe 3.77 Coconut oil 3.78 Coefficient of performance 3.79 Coefficient of (cubic) thermal expansion 3.80 Coefficient of volume expansion 3.81 Coffee 3.82 Cogeneration 3.83 Colloid 3.84 Colloidal solutions 3.85 Combined gas-vapour cycle 3.86 Combustion 3.87 Combustion chamber 3.88 Combustion temperature of charcoal 3.89 Combustion temperature of coal 3.90 Combustion temperature of gasoline 3.91 Combustion temperature of jet fuel 3.92 Combustion temperature of kerosene 3.93 Combustion temperature of wood 3.94 Combustor 3.95 Complex number 3.96 Components of a wind tunnel 3.97 Compound 3.98 Compound helicopter 3.99 Compound pendulum 3.100 Compound vortex 3.101 Compressed air 3.102 Compressed liquid 3.103 Compressed natural gas 3.104 Compressible aerodynamics 3.105 Compressible Bernoulli’s equation 3.106 Compressible flow 3.107 Compressible flow regimes 3.108 Compressible flow pressure coefficient 3.109 Compressible jets 3.110 Compressible subsonic flow 3.111 Compressibility 3.112 Compressibility factor 3.113 Compressibility issues 3.114 Compression and expansion corners 3.115 Compression ignition engine 3.116 Compression ratio 3.117 Compressor 3.118 Computational fluid dynamics 3.119 Concept of lost work 3.120 Conceptual 3.121 Condensation 3.122 Condensation temperature 3.123 Condenser microphones 3.124 Conduction 3.125 Conformal transformation 3.126 Coning angle 3.127 Conjugate 3.128 Conservation of energy 3.129 Conservation of energy principle 3.130 Conservation of entropy principle 3.131 Conservation laws 3.132 Conservation of mass 3.133 Conservation of momentum 3.134 Conservative system 3.135 Constant current anemometer 3.136 Constant temperature anemometer 3.137 Constant-volume gas thermometer 3.138 Constantan 3.139 Contact surface 3.140 Continuity concept 3.141 Continuity equation 3.142 Continuous compression 3.143 Continuum 3.144 Control of an aircraft 3.145 Control mass 3.146 Control surface 3.147 Control surfaces 3.148 Control volume 3.149 Convection 3.150 Convection effect 3.151 Convective acceleration 3.152 Convective heat transfer 3.153 Convective heat transfer coefficient 3.154 Convective Mach number 3.155 Convective mass transfer 3.156 Convergent nozzle 3.157 Convergent-divergent nozzle 3.158 Cooking oil 3.159 Coolant 3.160 Cooling pond 3.161 Copper-constantan thermocouple 3.162 Coriolis effect 3.163 Coriolis force 3.164 Correct bank angle 3.165 Correctly expanded operation 3.166 Corrosion 3.167 Corrosive gases 3.168 Cosmology 3.169 Couette flow 3.170 Creeping flow 3.171 Critical angle of attack 3.172 Critical circulation 3.173 Critical Mach number 3.174 Critical operation 3.175 Critical point 3.176 Critical pressure 3.177 Critical properties 3.178 Critical Reynolds number 3.179 Critical Reynolds number for flat plate 3.180 Critical Reynolds number for open channel flow 3.181 Critical Reynolds number for pipe flow 3.182 Critical state 3.183 Critical temperature 3.184 Critical volume 3.185 Crocco’s theorem 3.186 Crosswind 3.187 Crosswind landing 3.188 Cruise missile 3.189 Cryogenics 3.190 Cryogenic engine 3.191 Cryogenic fluids 3.192 Cryogenic fluid properties 3.193 Cryogenic propellants 3.194 Cryogenic temperature 3.195 Cup anemometer 3.196 Curd 3.197 Curl 3.198 Curvilinear motion 3.199 Cutoff ratio 3.200 Cyclone 3.201 Cyclone shelters 3.202 Cyclonic depression 3.203 Cylindrical rectangular aerofoil 4 d’Alembert’s Paradox to Dynamics 4.1 d’Alembert’s paradox 4.2 Dalton’s law of additive pressures 4.3 Dalton’s law of partial pressures 4.4 Darcy friction factor 4.5 Darcy number 4.6 Darcy relation 4.7 Darcy–Weisbach equation 4.8 Dead state 4.9 Decantation 4.10 Degrees of freedom 4.11 Deionized water 4.12 de Laval nozzle 4.13 Delta wing 4.14 Density 4.15 Density of air 4.16 Density of mercury 4.17 Density of pure water 4.18 Density of seawater 4.19 Detached shock 4.20 Dettol 4.21 Deuterium 4.22 Dew 4.23 Dew-point temperature 4.24 Dial-type pressure gauge 4.25 Diaphragm pressure gauges 4.26 Diesel cycle 4.27 Differences between the jet and piston engine aircraft 4.28 Differential aileron 4.29 Differential analysis 4.30 Different types of winglets 4.31 Diffraction 4.32 Diffuser 4.33 Diffuser stall 4.34 Diffusion 4.35 Diffusion flame 4.36 Dihedral angle 4.37 Dilution 4.38 Dimensional analysis 4.39 Dimensionless groups 4.40 Dimensions and units 4.41 Dimensionless velocity 4.42 Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) 4.43 Directional stability 4.44 Disc loading 4.45 Disc-probe 4.46 Discharge coefficient 4.47 Displacement 4.48 Displacement meters 4.49 Displacement thickness 4.50 Dissimilar metals 4.51 Dissociation 4.52 Distillation 4.53 Distilled water 4.54 Divergence 4.55 Dorsal fin 4.56 Doublet 4.57 Downwash 4.58 Downwash consequences 4.59 Drag 4.60 Drag coefficient 4.61 Drag-body meters 4.62 Drag-divergence Mach number 4.63 Drainage 4.64 Drainage canal 4.65 Driver section 4.66 Drop 4.67 Droplet 4.68 Drug 4.69 Dry ice 4.70 Dual cycle 4.71 Duct 4.72 Ductility 4.73 Dust storm 4.74 Dutch roll 4.75 Dye 4.76 Dyke 4.77 Dynamic analysis 4.78 Dynamic instability 4.79 Dynamic pressure 4.80 Dynamic pressure gauges 4.81 Dynamics 5 Eckert Number to Extratropical Cyclone 5.1 Eckert number 5.2 Eddy 5.3 Eddy diffusion 5.4 Eddy viscosity 5.5 Eddy viscosity turbulence models 5.6 Effective angle of attack 5.7 Effective downwash 5.8 Effective head 5.9 Effects of the Earth’s rotation 5.10 Effects of the second throat 5.11 Efficiency of turbines 5.12 Effuser 5.13 Ekman boundary layer 5.14 Ekman suction 5.15 Electrolysis 5.16 Electrolytic tank 5.17 Electronic energy 5.18 Elevator 5.19 Embankment 5.20 Emulsifier 5.21 Emulsion 5.22 Endothermic reaction 5.23 Endurance of flight 5.24 Endurance of jet engine 5.25 Energy efficiency rating 5.26 Energy equation 5.27 Energy gradient 5.28 Energy ratio 5.29 Energy thickness 5.30 Engines 5.31 Enthalpy 5.32 Enthalpy of combustion 5.33 Enthalpy of formation 5.34 Enthalpy of reaction 5.35 Enthalpy of vapourisation 5.36 Entrainment 5.37 Entrance length 5.38 Entropy 5.39 Entropy layer 5.40 Entropy transport 5.41 Enzyme 5.42 Ethanol 5.43 Ethanol fuel 5.44 Ethyl acetate 5.45 Equation of state 5.46 Equilibrium 5.47 Equilibrium flows 5.48 Equilibrium Mach number 5.49 Equilibrium speed of sound 5.50 Equipartition of energy 5.51 Equivalence ratio 5.52 Equivalent airspeed (EAS) 5.53 Equivalent chord 5.54 Escape velocity 5.55 Escape velocity of Earth 5.56 Euler’s acceleration formula 5.57 Euler number 5.58 Eulerian description 5.59 Euler’s equations 5.60 Evaporation 5.61 Evaporative cooling 5.62 Excited state 5.63 Exosphere 5.64 Exothermic reaction 5.65 Expansion 5.66 Expansion levels of jets 5.67 Expansion section 5.68 Expansion tunnel 5.69 Experiment 5.70 Experimental accuracy 5.71 Experimental error 5.72 Experimental mean pitch 5.73 Explosion 5.74 Extensive properties 5.75 External aerodynamics 5.76 External balance 5.77 External flow 5.78 Externally reversible process 5.79 Extratropical cyclone 6 Factors Influencing Pitot-Static Tube Performance to Fusion Pyrometers 6.1 Factors influencing pitot-static tube performance 6.2 Fan 6.3 Fanno flow 6.4 Favourable pressure gradient 6.5 Feathered 6.6 Feathering 6.7 Feathering axis 6.8 Fence technique 6.9 Fermentation 6.10 Fermi-Dirac statistics 6.11 Fermions 6.12 Fick’s law 6.13 Field 6.14 Field approach 6.15 Figure of merit 6.16 Film temperature 6.17 Fin 6.18 Finite disturbance 6.19 Finite or three-dimensional wing 6.20 Fire 6.21 First law of thermodynamics 6.22 Fission energy 6.23 Five-hole yaw probes 6.24 Fixed error 6.25 Flammable 6.26 Flammable liquid 6.27 Flame 6.28 Flap 6.29 Flap effect on aerodynamic centre 6.30 Flaperons 6.31 Flapped aerofoil 6.32 Flapping 6.33 Flash flood 6.34 Flat turn 6.35 Flattening out flight 6.36 Flexible 6.37 Flight 6.38 Float 6.39 Floating element method 6.40 Flood 6.41 Flow analysis 6.42 Flow control valve 6.43 Flow deflection angle 6.44 Flow development length 6.45 Flow-induced vibration 6.46 Flow measurement 6.47 Flow meter 6.48 Flow of multicomponent mixtures 6.49 Flow past a flat plate 6.50 Flow through pipes 6.51 Flow separation 6.52 Flow visualisation 6.53 Flow work 6.54 Fluid 6.55 Fluid drop 6.56 Fluid element 6.57 Fluid mechanics 6.58 Fluid mechanics of perfect fluids 6.59 Fluid mechanics of real fluids 6.60 Fluid particle 6.61 Fluid statics 6.62 Fluids and the continuum 6.63 Fluid-jet anemometer 6.64 Fluid thermometers 6.65 Fluorinated gases 6.66 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 6.67 Fluorine 6.68 Flushing flow 6.69 Flush toilet 6.70 Flying saucer 6.71 Fog 6.72 Force and moment of a flying machine 6.73 Forced vortex 6.74 Form drag 6.75 Fortin barometer 6.76 Forward-swept wing 6.77 Fossil fuels 6.78 Fountain 6.79 Fourier’s law of heat conduction 6.80 Fowler flap 6.81 Francis turbine 6.82 Free-molecular flow 6.83 Free spiral vortex 6.84 Free surface 6.85 Free surface flow 6.86 Free vortex 6.87 Freon 6.88 Frequency of sound 6.89 Friction coefficient 6.90 Frictional drag 6.91 Frise 6.92 Frontal area 6.93 Frost 6.94 Froth 6.95 Froth flotation 6.96 Froude number 6.97 Frozen flow 6.98 Fuel 6.99 Fugacity 6.100 Fully developed flow 6.101 Fully developed pipe flow 6.102 Fully developed region 6.103 Fumes 6.104 Fuselage 6.105 Fusion power 6.106 Fusion pyrometers 7 Gas to Gyroscopic Effect 7.1 Gas 7.2 Gas constant 7.3 Gas dynamics 7.4 Gas dynamics divisions 7.5 Gas mixture 7.6 Gas molecules 7.7 Gas refrigeration cycle 7.8 Gas thermometer 7.9 Gas turbine 7.10 Gasoline 7.11 Gasoline boiling point 7.12 Gate valve 7.13 Geography 7.14 Geometric twist 7.15 Geometrical angle of attack 7.16 Geometrical incidence 7.17 Geophysics 7.18 Geostationary orbit 7.19 Geostationary satellite 7.20 Geostrophic motion 7.21 Geothermal energy 7.22 Geothermal gradient 7.23 General motion 7.24 ‘g’ factor 7.25 Gibbs equation 7.26 Gibbs free energy 7.27 Glacier 7.28 Gladstone–Dale empirical equation 7.29 Glider 7.30 Gliding 7.31 Gliding turn 7.32 Global warming 7.33 Globe valve 7.34 Glucose 7.35 Glycerin 7.36 Glycolic acid 7.37 Glycols 7.38 Gothert’s rule 7.39 Gradually varied flow 7.40 Grashof number 7.41 Gravitational work 7.42 Gravity 7.43 Gravity dam 7.44 Gravity waves 7.45 Grease 7.46 Green tea 7.47 Greenhouse effect 7.48 Greenhouse gas 7.49 Gross head 7.50 Gross wing area 7.51 Ground effect 7.52 Ground speed 7.53 Ground state 7.54 Groundwater 7.55 Gun tunnel 7.56 Gushing flow 7.57 Gyroplane 7.58 Gyroscopic effect 8 Hail to Hypothesis 8.1 Hail 8.2 Hailstorm 8.3 Hang gliding 8.4 Hard water 8.5 Hartmann number 8.6 Hartmann–Sprenger tube 8.7 Headwind 8.8 Heart 8.9 Heat 8.10 Heat engines 8.11 Heat exchangers 8.12 Heat pump 8.13 Heat transfer 8.14 Heat transfer gauge 8.15 Heat transfer from rockets 8.16 Heating value 8.17 Heavy water 8.18 Heisler charts 8.19 Hele–Shaw apparatus 8.20 Hele–Shaw flow 8.21 Helicopter 8.22 Helicopter configurations 8.23 Helium 8.24 Helix angle 8.25 Helmholtz’s theorems 8.26 Heterogeneous system 8.27 Hexane 8.28 High-enthalpy facilities 8.29 High-enthalpy flows 8.30 High-lift aerofoils 8.31 High-lift devices 8.32 High speed 8.33 High-speed birds 8.34 High-speed wind tunnel 8.35 High wing 8.36 Highly underexpanded jet 8.37 Hohmann minimum-energy trajectory 8.38 Homogeneous mixture 8.39 Honey 8.40 Honeycombs 8.41 Horizontal buoyancy 8.42 Horseshoe vortex 8.43 Hot spring 8.44 Hotshot tunnels 8.45 Hot-wire anemometer 8.46 Hot-wire anemometer working principle 8.47 Hot-wire filament 8.48 Hot-wire probes 8.49 Hovercraft 8.50 Hovering flight 8.51 Hugoniot equation 8.52 Human body temperature 8.53 Human breathing rate 8.54 Human hearing limits 8.55 Humidity of air 8.56 Hurricane 8.57 Hydel power 8.58 Hydraulics 8.59 Hydraulic analogy 8.60 Hydraulic analogy theory 8.61 Hydraulic diameter 8.62 Hydraulic efficiency 8.63 Hydraulic grade line (HGL) 8.64 Hydraulic hose 8.65 Hydraulic jump 8.66 Hydraulic lift 8.67 Hydraulic machinery 8.68 Hydraulic mean depth 8.69 Hydraulic turbines 8.70 Hydrochloric acid 8.71 Hydrodynamica 8.72 Hydrodynamics 8.73 Hydroelectric dam 8.74 Hydrofoil 8.75 Hydrogen 8.76 Hydrogen fuel 8.77 Hydrometer 8.78 Hydroplaning 8.79 Hydropower 8.80 Hydrostatic pressure distribution 8.81 Hygroscopic 8.82 Hypersonic experimental facilities 8.83 Hypersonic flow 8.84 Hypersonic nozzle 8.85 Hypersonic similarity parameter 8.86 Hypersonic tunnels 8.87 Hypervelocity facilities 8.88 Hypervelocity flows 8.89 Hypothesis 9 ICBM to Isotopes 9.1 ICBM 9.2 Ice tank 9.3 Ideal fluid flow 9.4 Ideal gas 9.5 Ideal ramjet 9.6 Ignition system 9.7 Impact pressure 9.8 Impeller 9.9 Impulse function 9.10 Impulse sound 9.11 Impulse turbine 9.12 Impure materials 9.13 Inclined manometer 9.14 Incompressible aerodynamics 9.15 Incompressible flow 9.16 Incompressible jets 9.17 Incompressible substance 9.18 Increase-in-entropy principle 9.19 Indicated airspeed (IAS) 9.20 Induced air speed 9.21 Induced drag 9.22 Induced drag factor 9.23 Induced flow 9.24 Induced velocity field 9.25 Industrial tunnels 9.26 Inert gas 9.27 Inertia force 9.28 Infinite vortex 9.29 Inflammable 9.30 Infrared thermography 9.31 Infrasonic waves 9.32 Ink 9.33 Inlet flow process 9.34 Instrument landing system (ILS) 9.35 Intake 9.36 Integral analysis 9.37 Intensive properties 9.38 Interference 9.39 Interferometer 9.40 Interferometry 9.41 Intermittency 9.42 Internal aerodynamics 9.43 Internal balance 9.44 Internal energy 9.45 Internal flow 9.46 Internally reversible process 9.47 International space station 9.48 International Standard Atmosphere 9.49 Intersection of shocks of the same family 9.50 Inverted loop 9.51 Inverted manoeuvres 9.52 Inverted spin 9.53 Inviscid flow 9.54 Ionisation 9.55 Ionisation gauge 9.56 Ionisation state 9.57 Irreversible process 9.58 Irreversibilities 9.59 Irrigation 9.60 Irrigation sprinkler 9.61 Irrotational flow 9.62 Isentropic compression 9.63 Isentropic flow 9.64 Isentropic index 9.65 Isentropic process 9.66 Isentropic process relation 9.67 Isentropic relations 9.68 Isentropic stagnation state 9.69 Isobar 9.70 Isobaric process 9.71 Isochoric process 9.72 Isolated system 9.73 Isolator 9.74 Isothermal process 9.75 Isotopes 10 Jelly to Joule–Thomson Effect 10.1 Jelly 10.2 Jet 10.3 Jet control methods 10.4 Jet core 10.5 Jet engine 10.6 Jet engine combustor 10.7 Jet engine components 10.8 Jet engine compressor 10.9 Jet engine fan 10.10 Jet engine fuel 10.11 Jet engine nozzle 10.12 Jet engine turbine 10.13 Jet flap 10.14 Jet fuel composition 10.15 Jet lift 10.16 Jet noise 10.17 Jet plane 10.18 Jet-propulsion cycle 10.19 Jet streams 10.20 Jet stream speed 10.21 Joukowski hypothesis 10.22 Joule’s law 10.23 Joule–Thomson coefficient 10.24 Joule–Thomson effect 11 Kaplan Turbine to Kutta–Joukowski Transformation 11.1 Kaplan turbine 11.2 Karman vortex street 11.3 Kelvin scale 11.4 Kelvin’s circulation theorem 11.5 Kelvin-Planck statement 11.6 k-epsilon turbulence model 11.7 Kepler’s laws of planetary motion 11.8 Kerosene 11.9 Kerosene boiling point 11.10 Kerosene density 11.11 Kerosene smoke generator 11.12 Kidneys 11.13 Kinematics of fluids 11.14 Kinematics of fluid flow 11.15 Kinematic viscosity coefficient 11.16 Kinetic diameter 11.17 Kinetic energy 11.18 Kinetic energy of gas 11.19 Kinetic energy thickness 11.20 Kinetic theory of gases 11.21 Kinetic theory equivalent of the perfect gas state equation 11.22 King’s relation 11.23 Knot 11.24 Knudsen diffusion 11.25 Knudsen effect 11.26 Knudsen gauge 11.27 Knudsen number 11.28 Kutta condition 11.29 Kutta–Zhukovsky lift theorem 11.30 Kutta–Joukowski transformation 12 Lactic Acid to Lungs 12.1 Lactic acid 12.2 Lacto Calamine 12.3 Lactometer 12.4 Lagrange points 12.5 Lagrangian description 12.6 Lahar 12.7 Laminar aerofoils 12.8 Laminar flow 12.9 Laminar separation bubble 12.10 Laminar sublayer 12.11 Lancaster–Prandtl lifting-line theory 12.12 Landing 12.13 Landing gear 12.14 Landslide 12.15 Laplace equation 12.16 Lapse rate 12.17 Large eddy simulation 12.18 Laser 12.19 Laser Doppler anemometer 12.20 Latent energy 12.21 Latent heat 12.22 Latent heat of fusion 12.23 Latent heat of vaporisation 12.24 Lateral acceleration 12.25 Lateral stability 12.26 Launch system 12.27 Launch vehicle 12.28 Lava flow 12.29 Laval nozzle 12.30 Law of conservation of energy 12.31 Law of dimensional homogeneity 12.32 Law of floatation 12.33 Law of intermediate metals 12.34 Law of the wall 12.35 Layers in the ISA 12.36 Layers of the Earth 12.37 LDA principle 12.38 Leaching 12.39 Lead-lagging 12.40 Leading-edge flap 12.41 Leading-edge radius 12.42 Leading-edge slat 12.43 Leak 12.44 Lean mixture 12.45 Left-running wave 12.46 Lemon juice 12.47 Lift 12.48 Lift coefficient 12.49 Lift curve 12.50 Lift-curve slope 12.51 Lift-induced drag 12.52 Lifting-line theory 12.53 Lifting surface theory 12.54 Light-year 12.55 Lightning 12.56 Like reflection 12.57 Liming 12.58 Limitations on air as a perfect gas 12.59 Limitations of hot-wire anemometer 12.60 Limitations of hydraulic analogy 12.61 Line vortex 12.62 Linear flight 12.63 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) 12.64 Liquid 12.65 Liquid hydrogen 12.66 Liquid manometers 12.67 Liquid nitrogen 12.68 Liquid oxygen 12.69 Liquid-propellant rocket 12.70 Liquid paraffin 12.71 Liquefaction 12.72 Liquefied petroleum gas 12.73 Litmus 12.74 Load factor 12.75 Lobed-impeller meter 12.76 Local chemical equilibrium 12.77 Local rate of change 12.78 Local thermodynamic equilibrium 12.79 Longitudinal axis 12.80 Longitudinal dihedral 12.81 Longitudinal stability 12.82 Longitudinal waves 12.83 Losses in diffuser 12.84 Lotion 12.85 Loudspeaker 12.86 Low earth orbit 12.87 Low-speed flow 12.88 Low-speed wind tunnels 12.89 Low wing 12.90 Lower critical Reynolds number 12.91 Lubricant 12.92 Lubrication 12.93 Ludwieg tube 12.94 Ludwieg tube advantages 12.95 Luminosity 12.96 Lungs 13 Mach to Munk’s Theorem of Stagger 13.1 Mach 13.2 Mach angle 13.3 Mach angle - Mach number relation 13.4 Mach cone 13.5 Mach line 13.6 Mach number 13.7 Mach number independence principle 13.8 Mach reflection 13.9 Mach stem 13.10 Mach tuck 13.11 Mach wave 13.12 Mach-wedge 13.13 Machmeter 13.14 Macrostate 13.15 Magnetofluidmechanics 13.16 Magnus effect 13.17 Malleable 13.18 Maltose 13.19 Manoeuvres of an aircraft 13.20 Manometers 13.21 Manometry 13.22 Marine engineering 13.23 Marsh 13.24 Mass diffusivity 13.25 Mass flow rate 13.26 Mass fraction 13.27 Mass-motion velocity 13.28 Mass transfer 13.29 Material derivative 13.30 Material description 13.31 Materials science 13.32 Mathematics 13.33 Matter 13.34 Maxwell’s definition of viscosity 13.35 Maxwell relations 13.36 Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics 13.37 Mayer’s relation 13.38 Mean aerodynamic chord 13.39 Mean camber line 13.40 Mean effective pressure 13.41 Mean free path 13.42 Mean free path length 13.43 Measuring principle of the liquid manometer 13.44 Mechanical equilibrium 13.45 Mechanics of fluids 13.46 McLeod gauge 13.47 Medical oxygen 13.48 Melting 13.49 Melting point 13.50 Melting point of water 13.51 Mercury 13.52 Metal film RTDs 13.53 Meteorology 13.54 Methanol 13.55 Method of characteristics 13.56 Micro manometer 13.57 Microphone 13.58 Microstate 13.59 Mid-wing 13.60 Milk 13.61 Milkshake 13.62 Minor losses 13.63 Missile 13.64 Missile types 13.65 Mist 13.66 Mist flow 13.67 Mixed-flow pump 13.68 Mixed-flow turbine 13.69 Mixing chamber 13.70 Mixing length 13.71 Mixture 13.72 Mobility 13.73 Moisture 13.74 Moisture and humidity 13.75 Molar mass 13.76 Molasses 13.77 Mole 13.78 Mole fraction 13.79 Molecule 13.80 Molecular diameter 13.81 Molecular gas dynamics 13.82 Molecular weight 13.83 Mollier diagram 13.84 Momentum diffusion 13.85 Momentum equation 13.86 Momentum thickness 13.87 Monoplane aircraft 13.88 Monsoon 13.89 Monsoon season 13.90 Monte Carlo methods 13.91 Moody chart 13.92 Most probable macrostate 13.93 Movement of centre of pressure 13.94 Moving boundary work 13.95 Multiphase flow 13.96 Multiple slotted flaps 13.97 Munk’s theorem of stagger 14 Natural Convection to Nusselt Number 14.1 Natural convection 14.2 Natural gas 14.3 Nature of high-enthalpy flows 14.4 Navier–Stokes equations 14.5 Navigation 14.6 Negative angle of attack 14.7 Neon 14.8 Net head 14.9 Net wing area 14.10 Newtonian flow model 14.11 Newton’s law of gravitation 14.12 Newton’s laws of motion 14.13 Newton’s law of viscosity 14.14 Newton’s second law 14.15 Newtonian fluid 14.16 Nitric acid 14.17 Nitrogen 14.18 Nitrogen gas 14.19 Nitrous oxide 14.20 Noble gases 14.21 No-slip condition 14.22 Noise 14.23 Noise pollution 14.24 Noise pollution effects 14.25 Noise of supersonic jet 14.26 Non-chemical rocket 14.27 Non-conservative system 14.28 Non-Newtonian fluid 14.29 Non-simple region 14.30 Normal bp range 14.31 Normal pulse rate 14.32 Normal shock 14.33 Normal shock relations 14.34 Normal shock tables 14.35 Nosedive 14.36 Nozzle 14.37 Nozzle discharge coefficient 14.38 Nozzle efficiency 14.39 Nusselt number 15 OASPL to Ozone Hole 15.1 OASPL 15.2 Oblique shock 15.3 Obstruction or constriction meters 15.4 Ocean 15.5 Ocean and sea difference 15.6 Ocean depth 15.7 Ocean eddy 15.8 Oceanography 15.9 Oleo strut 15.10 One-dimensional flow 15.11 Oozing 15.12 Open-channel flow 15.13 Open-circuit tunnels 15.14 Open-jet tunnel 15.15 Open system 15.16 Opposing jets 15.17 Optics 15.18 Optical fibre 15.19 Optical pyrometer 15.20 Optical-type pressure transducer 15.21 Orifice plate 15.22 Ornithopter 15.23 Orsat gas analyser 15.24 Oscillatory motion 15.25 Oscillatory motion types 15.26 Osmosis 15.27 Osmotic pressure 15.28 Oswald efficiency number 15.29 Oswald wing efficiency 15.30 Otto cycle 15.31 Outer space 15.32 Overall pressure ratio 15.33 Overall propulsive efficiency 15.34 Overexpanded nozzle 15.35 Oxalic acid 15.36 Oxidiser 15.37 Oxygen 15.38 Ozone 15.39 Ozone hole 16 Pacific Ocean to Pyrometers 16.1 Pacific Ocean 16.2 Panel method 16.3 Paper 16.4 Parachute 16.5 Paraffin 16.6 Paragliding 16.7 Parasite drag 16.8 Parasol-wing 16.9 Partially filled flow 16.10 Partial pressure 16.11 Particle 16.12 Particle image velocimetry (PIV) 16.13 Partition function 16.14 Pascal 16.15 Pascal’s law 16.16 Passive control 16.17 Pathline 16.18 Path functions 16.19 Peclet number 16.20 Pelton wheel turbine 16.21 Pendulum 16.22 Percolation 16.23 Perfect gas 16.24 Perfect gas equation of state 16.25 Performance 16.26 Performance of actual nozzles 16.27 Periodic motion 16.28 Peripheral-velocity factor 16.29 Perpetual motion 16.30 Perpetual-motion machine 16.31 Perpetual-motion machine of the first kind (PMM1) 16.32 Perpetual-motion machine of the second kind (PMM2) 16.33 Petroleum 16.34 Petroleum jelly 16.35 Phase 16.36 Phase equilibrium 16.37 Phases of a pure substance 16.38 Phenol 16.39 Photochemical smog 16.40 Photomultiplier 16.41 Phugoid 16.42 Physical properties of fluids 16.43 Physics 16.44 Pigment 16.45 Pipe flow 16.46 Pirani gauge 16.47 Pitch of a propeller 16.48 Pitching 16.49 Pitching moment 16.50 Pitot pressure 16.51 Pitot probe 16.52 Pitot-static probe 16.53 Pitot-static tube characteristics 16.54 Pitot-static tube limitations 16.55 PIV seeding particles 16.56 Plain flap 16.57 Plain glass 16.58 Plane glass plate 16.59 Planform area 16.60 Plasma 16.61 Plasma arc tunnels 16.62 Plasma engine types 16.63 Plasma propulsion engine 16.64 Platinum 16.65 Platinum rhodium thermocouple 16.66 Plenum chamber 16.67 Plenum space 16.68 Plug nozzle 16.69 Plumb bob 16.70 Plumes 16.71 Plunge 16.72 Pneumatics 16.73 Pneumatic actuators 16.74 Pneumatic motors 16.75 Pneumatic system 16.76 Pohlhausen’s method 16.77 Point functions 16.78 Point rectilinear vortex 16.79 Poisson’s equation 16.80 Poiseuille’s law 16.81 Polar curve 16.82 Pool boiling 16.83 Potential core region 16.84 Potential energy 16.85 Potential flow 16.86 Potential flow past a two-dimensional circular cylinder 16.87 Potential function 16.88 Prandtl–Glauert transformation 16.89 Prandtl–Meyer expansion 16.90 Prandtl–Meyer function 16.91 Prandtl’s mixing length theory 16.92 Prandtl number 16.93 Prandtl relation 16.94 Precipitation 16.95 Precision 16.96 Premixed flame 16.97 Preservative 16.98 Pressure 16.99 Pressure altitude 16.100 Pressure coefficient 16.101 Pressure drag 16.102 Pressure drop 16.103 Pressure gradient 16.104 Pressure-gradient force 16.105 Pressure head 16.106 Pressure-hill 16.107 Pressure in LPG cylinder 16.108 Pressures in the body 16.109 Pressure measurement 16.110 Pressure measuring devices 16.111 Pressure recovery factor 16.112 Pressure-regulating valve 16.113 Pressure relief valve 16.114 Pressure transducers 16.115 Preston/Stanton tubes 16.116 Prismatic body 16.117 Probability 16.118 Process 16.119 Professor 16.120 Profile 16.121 Profile drag 16.122 Propellent 16.123 Propeller 16.124 Propeller efficiency 16.125 Propeller engines 16.126 psi 16.127 Puddle 16.128 Pull-up phase 16.129 Pulsed lasers 16.130 Pulsed plasma thruster 16.131 Pulsejet 16.132 Pumps 16.133 Pump-turbine hydraulic machines 16.134 Pure rotation 16.135 Pure substance 16.136 Pure tone 16.137 Pure translation 16.138 Pure water 16.139 Pusher 16.140 Pyroclastic flow 16.141 Pyrometers 17 Quality of Energy to Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow 17.1 Quality of energy 17.2 Quantised levels of different modes of energy 17.3 Quantum mechanics 17.4 Quantum state 17.5 Quasi-equilibrium process 17.6 Quasi-one-dimensional flow 18 Radar to Runway 18.1 Radar 18.2 Radial flow 18.3 Radian 18.4 Radiation 18.5 Radiation pyrometer 18.6 Rain 18.7 Rain gauge 18.8 Rainbow 18.9 Rakes 18.10 Ramjet 18.11 Random error 18.12 Random motion 18.13 Range of an aircraft 18.14 Rankine cycle 18.15 Rankine’s half-body 18.16 Rankine scale 18.17 Rankine’s theorem 18.18 Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube 18.19 Rarefied flow 18.20 Rarefied gas dynamics 18.21 Rathakrishnan limit 18.22 Ratio of specific heats 18.23 Rayleigh flow 18.24 Rayleigh number 18.25 Rayleigh supersonic pitot formula 18.26 Reactants 18.27 Reaction turbine 18.28 Reagent 18.29 Real gas 18.30 Real-gas equation of state 18.31 Reciprocating engine 18.32 Reciprocating pump 18.33 Rectangular aerofoil 18.34 Rectilinear vortex 18.35 Reduced-gravity aircraft 18.36 Reduced pressure 18.37 Reduced temperature 18.38 Reflexed camber aerofoil 18.39 Refraction 18.40 Refractive index 18.41 Refrigerant 18.42 Refrigeration 18.43 Refrigerator 18.44 Regenerator 18.45 Regimes of fluid mechanics 18.46 Relative density 18.47 Relative humidity 18.48 Relative velocity 18.49 Relaxation time 18.50 Research tunnels 18.51 Resistance temperature detector 18.52 Resonance 18.53 Respiration 18.54 Reverse process 18.55 Reverse transition 18.56 Reversible adiabatic process 18.57 Reversible process 18.58 Reversible work 18.59 Reynolds analogy 18.60 Reynolds experiment 18.61 Reynolds number 18.62 Reynolds stresses 18.63 Rheology 18.64 Rhodium 18.65 Rich mixture 18.66 Ridge lift 18.67 Right hydraulic jump 18.68 Right-running wave 18.69 River 18.70 Rocket engine 18.71 Rocket engine nozzle 18.72 Rocket propellant 18.73 Rocket propulsion 18.74 Rohsenow correlation 18.75 Role of large-scale structures in subsonic mixing enhancement 18.76 Role of shear layer in flow control 18.77 Rolling 18.78 Rolling moment 18.79 Root chord 18.80 Rossby number 18.81 Rotameter 18.82 Rotary vane pump 18.83 Rotational energy 18.84 Rotational flow 18.85 Rotational speed of the Earth 18.86 Rotating-vane meter 18.87 Rudder 18.88 Runway 19 Sake to System 19.1 Sake 19.2 Saline water 19.3 Sand 19.4 Sand flow 19.5 Sanitation 19.6 Satellite 19.7 Saturated liquid 19.8 Saturated solution 19.9 Saturated vapour 19.10 Saturation pressure 19.11 Saturation state 19.12 Saturation temperature 19.13 Scalar quantities 19.14 Scale effect 19.15 Schlichting jet 19.16 Schlieren technique 19.17 Schmidt number 19.18 Scramjet 19.19 Sea 19.20 Seawater 19.21 Sea waves 19.22 Second law of thermodynamics 19.23 Second throat 19.24 Sediment transport 19.25 Sedimentation 19.26 Seebeck principle 19.27 Seepage 19.28 Seismology 19.29 Self-similar flow 19.30 Semifluid 19.31 Semi-infinite vortex 19.32 Semisolid 19.33 Separation bubble 19.34 Separation point 19.35 SERN 19.36 Sewage 19.37 Sewage treatment 19.38 Sewer 19.39 Sewerage 19.40 Shadowgraph method 19.41 Shaft power 19.42 Shaft work 19.43 Shallow 19.44 Shallow flow 19.45 Shallow water 19.46 Shallow water effects 19.47 Shape factor 19.48 Shear flow 19.49 Shear folding 19.50 Shear force 19.51 Sherwood number 19.52 Ship 19.53 Shock 19.54 Shock absorber 19.55 Shock-associated noise 19.56 Shock-cell 19.57 Shock detachment distance 19.58 Shock detachment Mach number 19.59 Shock diamond 19.60 Shock-expansion theory 19.61 Shock polar 19.62 Shock strength 19.63 Shock swallowing 19.64 Shock-train 19.65 Shock tubes 19.66 Shock tunnel 19.67 Shock wave 19.68 Shoulder wing 19.69 Sideslipping 19.70 Silica 19.71 Silica gel 19.72 Similarity 19.73 Similarity rule 19.74 Simple-compressible substance 19.75 Simple-compressible system 19.76 Simple distillation 19.77 Simple harmonic motion 19.78 Simple pendulum 19.79 Simple region 19.80 Simple system 19.81 Simple vortex 19.82 Simple and nonsimple regions 19.83 Sink 19.84 Siphon 19.85 Skidding 19.86 Skin friction 19.87 Skin friction drag 19.88 Sky 19.89 Skydiving 19.90 Slant hydraulic jump 19.91 Sleet 19.92 Slender body 19.93 Slender-body theory 19.94 Slender wing theory 19.95 Slip flow 19.96 Slipstream 19.97 Slotted flap 19.98 Slowest flying bird 19.99 Slug flow 19.100 Slush flow 19.101 Small-density-ratio assumption 19.102 Small disturbance 19. 103 Small perturbation theory 19.104 Smog 19.105 Smoke 19.106 Smoke flow visualisation 19.107 Smoke tunnel 19.108 Snow 19.109 Soaking 19.110 Soap bubble 19.111 Soaring flight 19.112 Soda water 19.113 Soft water 19.114 Soil erosion 19.115 Soil percolation 19.116 Solar energy 19.117 Solar mass 19.118 Solid 19.119 Solid blocking 19.120 Solid-propellant rocket 19.121 Solidity 19.122 Solubility 19.123 Solute 19.124 Solution 19.125 Solvent 19.126 Sonic boom 19.127 Sonic boom speed 19.128 Sound 19.129 Sound barrier 19.130 Sound frequency 19.131 Sound unit 19.132 Sound wave 19.133 Sounding rocket 19.134 Soundproofing 19.135 Source 19.136 Source-sink pair 19.137 Soy sauce 19.138 Space 19.139 Space science 19.140 Space-time 19.141 Space velocity 19.142 Spacecraft 19.143 Span 19.144 Spark-ignition engine 19.145 Special purpose tunnels 19.146 Specific gravity 19.147 Specific heat 19.148 Specific impulse 19.149 Specific speed 19.150 Specific thrust 19.151 Specifics of helicopters 19.152 Specular reflection 19.153 Speed of light 19.154 Speed of light in air 19.155 Speed of sound 19.156 Spillways 19.157 Spin 19.158 Spiral divergence 19.159 Spiral instability 19.160 Split flap 19.161 Spoiler control 19.162 Spray 19.163 Spray pond 19.164 Sprayer 19.165 Stability 19.166 Stagnant 19.167 Stagnant water 19.168 Stagnation 19.169 Stagnation enthalpy 19.170 Stagnation pressure 19.171 Stagnation state 19.172 Stagnation temperature 19.173 Stall 19.174 Stall angle of attack 19.175 Stalled state 19.176 Stalling angle 19.177 Standing waves 19.178 Stanton number 19.179 Starting vortex 19.180 State equation 19.181 State postulate 19.182 States of matter 19.183 Static pressure 19.184 Static temperature 19.185 Static temperature determination 19.186 Static thrust 19.187 Statics 19.188 Statistical thermodynamics 19.189 Steady 19.190 Steady flow 19.191 Steady-flow devices 19.192 Steady-flow process 19.193 Steam 19.194 Steam turbine 19.195 Steep bank 19.196 Stellar mass 19.197 Stirling and Ericsson cycles 19.198 Stoichiometric air 19.199 Stokes’ flow 19.200 Stokes’ paradox 19.201 Stokes’ theorem 19.202 Storm 19.203 STOVL 19.204 Strap-on motor 19.205 Stratified flow 19.206 Streakline 19.207 Stream 19.208 Stream availability 19.209 Stream function 19.210 Streamflow 19.211 Streamline flow 19.212 Streamlined body 19.213 Streamlines 19.214 Streamlining 19.215 Streamtube 19.216 Streamwise vortices 19.217 Strong oblique shock 19.218 Strong shock 19.219 Strouhal number 19.220 Subcritical circulation 19.221 Subcritical operation 19.222 Subcritical Reynolds number 19.223 Sublimation 19.224 Submarine 19.225 Submerge 19.226 Submerged jet 19.227 Subsonic flow 19.228 Subsonic inlets 19.229 Subsonic jets 19.230 Substantive rate of change 19.231 Sucrose 19.232 Suction 19.233 Suction force 19.234 Suddenly expanded flow 19.235 Sugar 19.236 Sugarcane 19.237 Sugarcane juice 19.238 Sulphuric acid 19.239 Sun 19.240 Sunlight 19.241 Sunflower oil 19.242 Supercharger 19.243 Supercooled liquid 19.244 Supercritical aerofoil 19.245 Supercritical circulation 19.246 Supercritical fluid 19.247 Supercritical operation 19.248 Supercritical Reynolds number 19.249 Superheated vapour 19.250 Supersonic aircraft 19.251 Supersonic combustion 19.252 Supersonic diffusers 19.253 Supersonic expansion 19.254 Supersonic flow 19.255 Supersonic inlets 19.256 Supersonic jets 19.257 Supersonic shear layers 19.258 Supersonic static probe 19.259 Supersonic wind tunnel diffusers 19.260 Surface forces 19.261 Surface tension 19.262 Surging 19.263 Surroundings work 19.264 Sutherland’s relation 19.265 Suspension 19.266 Sweep angle 19.267 Sweep forward 19.268 Sweepback 19.269 Swept wing 19.270 Swing 19.271 Swing on take-off 19.272 Swirl 19.273 Swirl around 19.274 Symmetric flight 19.275 Symmetrical aerofoil 19.276 Syphon barometer 19.277 Syrup 19.278 System 20 Tail-First Aircraft to Typhoon 20.1 Tail-first aircraft 20.2 Tailerons 20.3 Tailless aircraft 20.4 Tailplane 20.5 Tailwind 20.6 Take-off 20.7 Taper ratio 20.8 Tartaric acid 20.9 Taylor–Couette flow 20.10 Taylor–Proudman theorem 20.11 Tea 20.12 Temperature 20.13 Temperature gauges using fluids 20.14 Temperature measurement in fluid flows 20.15 Temperature-measuring problems in fluid 20.16 Temperature scales 20.17 Tender coconut water 20.18 Tensors 20.19 Terminal velocity 20.20 Terminal velocity dive 20.21 Test section 20.22 Test-section noise 20.23 Theorems of complex numbers 20.24 Theorem of equipartition of energy 20.25 Thermal 20.26 Thermal boundary layer thickness 20.27 Thermal conduction 20.28 Thermal conductivity 20.29 Thermal diffusivity 20.30 Thermal energy 20.31 Thermal energy reservoir 20.32 Thermal equation of state 20.33 Thermal equilibrium 20.34 Thermal gradient 20.35 Thermal inertia of hot-wire 20.36 Thermal paints 20.37 Thermal shunting 20.38 Thermally perfect gas 20.39 Thermistors 20.40 Thermocouples 20.41 Thermodynamics 20.42 Thermodynamic equilibrium 20.43 Thermodynamic probability 20.44 Thermodynamic system 20.45 Thermodynamic temperature scale 20.46 Thermoelectricity 20.47 Thermometer 20.48 Thermosphere 20.49 The resistance temperature detector 20.50 Thin aerofoil theory 20.51 Third law of thermodynamics 20.52 Thomson effect 20.53 Thomson’s vortex theorem 20.54 Three-dimensional wing 20.55 Three-hole yaw probes 20.56 Throat 20.57 Throttling valve 20.58 Thrust 20.59 Thrust generation 20.60 Thrust and momentum 20.61 Thrust-to-weight ratio 20.62 Thunder 20.63 Thunderstorm 20.64 Tidal energy 20.65 Timelines 20.66 Tip-loss factor 20.67 Titanium tetrachloride 20.68 Titration 20.69 Tollmien–Schlichting wave 20.70 Toluene 20.71 Tonic water 20.72 Tornado 20.73 Torpedo 20.74 Torr 20.75 Total drag of a wing 20.76 Total energy 20.77 Total head 20.78 Total pressure 20.79 Total temperature measurement 20.80 Totally reversible process 20.81 Towing tank 20.82 Toxic gases 20.83 Tractor 20.84 Trailing edge flap 20.85 Trailing vortex drag 20.86 Transition flow 20.87 Transition point 20.88 Transition region 20.89 Translational energy 20.90 Translational motion 20.91 Transonic flow 20.92 Transport phenomena 20.93 Transport properties 20.94 Transverse wave 20.95 Trim drag 20.96 Trim tab 20.97 Trimmed aircraft 20.98 Triplane 20.99 Triple point 20.100 Tropical cyclone 20.101 Tropical weather 20.102 Tropopause 20.103 Troposphere 20.104 True airspeed 20.105 Tsunami 20.106 Tufts 20.107 Turbines 20.108 Turbine pumps 20.109 Turbocharger 20.110 Turbofan engines 20.111 Turbojets 20.112 Turboprops 20.113 Turboshafts 20.114 Turbulence 20.115 Turbulence factor 20.116 Turbulence number 20.117 Turbulent mixing noise 20.118 Turbulent spot 20.119 Turbulent stresses 20.120 Two-phase flow 20.121 Tyndall effect 20.122 Types of chemical rockets 20.123 Types of fluid flow 20.124 Types of fluids 20.125 Types of internal balances 20.126 Types of jet engines 20.127 Types of jet flow 20.128 Types of liquid propellants 20.129 Types of plasma engines 20.130 Types of rockets 20.131 Types of translational motion 20.132 Types of waves 20.133 Typhoon 21 Ultrapure Water to Upper Critical Reynolds Number 21.1 Ultrapure water 21.2 Ultrasonic flow meters 21.3 Ultrasonic waves 21.4 Uncertainty 21.5 Undercambered aerofoil 21.6 Underexpanded jets 21.7 Underexpanded nozzle 21.8 Uniform 21.9 Uniform flow 21.10 Uniform open channel flow 21.11 Universal gas constant 21.12 Unlike reflection 21.13 Unsaturated solutions 21.14 Unstable 21.15 Unstable air 21.16 Unsteady flow 21.17 Untwisted aerofoil 21.18 Upper atmosphere 21.19 Upper critical Reynolds number 22 Vacuum Cleaner to Vorticity 22.1 Vacuum cleaner 22.2 Vacuum gauge 22.3 Vacuum space 22.4 Valley glaciers 22.5 Vane anemometer 22.6 Vapour-compression cycle 22.7 Variable-head meters 22.8 Vector quantities 22.9 Vegetable oils 22.10 Velocity 22.11 Velocity distribution function 22.12 Velocity gradient 22.13 Velocity measurement 22.14 Velocity potential 22.15 Velocity of sound 22.16 Vena contracta 22.17 Venom 22.18 Venturi 22.19 Venturi effect 22.20 Venturi meter 22.21 Vertical stabiliser 22.22 Vertical wind tunnel 22.23 Vibration 22.24 Vibrational energy 22.25 Vibrational rate equation 22.26 Vinegar 22.27 Viscometer 22.28 Viscosity 22.29 Viscosity coefficient 22.30 Viscous incompressible flows 22.31 Visualisation techniques 22.32 Visualising compressible flows 22.33 Vodka 22.34 Volatile 22.35 Volatility 22.36 Volcano 22.37 Volume 22.38 Volume modulus of elasticity 22.39 Volumetric flow rate 22.40 Volumetric flux 22.41 Vortex 22.42 Vortex dynamics 22.43 Vortex filament 22.44 Vortex generators 22.45 Vortex-induced vibration 22.46 Vortex motion 22.47 Vortex name 22.48 Vortex pair 22.49 Vortex ring 22.50 Vortex shedding 22.51 Vortex size 22.52 Vortex speed 22.53 Vortex-shedding flow meters 22.54 Vortex-shedding technique 22.55 Vortex tube 22.56 Vorticity 23 Wake to Working Fluid 23.1 Wake 23.2 Wake blocking 23.3 Wake survey 23.4 Wake turbulence 23.5 Wall jet 23.6 Wall-friction velocity 23.7 Washout 23.8 Water 23.9 Water cycle 23.10 Water flow channel 23.11 Water content in human body 23.12 Water in human blood 23.13 Water jet 23.14 Water pollution 23.15 Water retention in soil 23.16 Water spring 23.17 Water stream 23.18 Water table 23.19 Water vapour 23.20 Water veil 23.21 Water wheel 23.22 Waterfall 23.23 Waterlogging 23.24 Wave 23.25 Wave drag 23.26 Wave energy 23.27 Wave function 23.28 Wavelength 23.29 Wavenumber 23.30 Waves prevailing in an overexpanded jet 23.31 Wave reflection from a free boundary 23.32 Weak mixture 23.33 Weak oblique shock 23.34 Weak shock 23.35 Weather 23.36 Weather radar 23.37 Weathercock 23.38 Weber number 23.39 Weir 23.40 Wet 23.41 Wet bulb temperature 23.42 Wet cooling towers 23.43 Wetness 23.44 Wetted area 23.45 Whey 23.46 Whisky 23.47 Whisper 23.48 Whispering decibels 23.49 White fumes 23.50 White hole 23.51 White noise 23.52 Wind 23.53 Wind energy 23.54 Wind tunnels 23.55 Wind tunnel balance 23.56 Wind turbine 23.57 Wind in a vertical tunnel 23.58 Windmill 23.59 Windmilling 23.60 Wine 23.61 Wing 23.62 Wing area 23.63 Wing geometrical parameters 23.64 Wing loading 23.65 Wing twist 23.66 Winglet 23.67 Wingspan 23.68 Wingtip vortices 23.69 Wood smoke 23.70 Woolaston wire 23.71 Work 23.72 Working fluid 24 Xenon 24.1 Xenon 25 Yacht to Yoghurt 25.1 Yacht 25.2 Yaw probes 25.3 Yaw rate 25.4 Yaw sensitivity of pitot pressure probe 25.5 Yaw sensitivity of static pressure probe 25.6 Yaw sphere 25.7 Yawing 25.8 Yawing moment 25.9 Yeast 25.10 Yoghurt 26 Zap Flap to Zone of Silence 26.1 Zap flap 26.2 Zero gravity 26.3 Zeroth law of thermodynamics 26.4 Zone of action 26.5 Zone of silence