The People of the River: Nature and Identity in Black Amazonia, 1835-1945

Description

In this history of the black peasants of Amazonia, Oscar de la Torre focuses on the experience of African-descended people navigating the transition from slavery to freedom. He draws on social and environmental history to connect them intimately to the natural landscape and to Indigenous peoples. Relying on this world as a repository for traditions, discourses, and strategies that they retrieved especially in moments of conflict, Afro-Brazilians fought for autonomous communities and developed a vibrant ethnic identity that supported their struggles over labor, land, and citizenship. Prior to abolition, enslaved and escaped blacks found in the tropical forest a source for tools, weapons, and trade--but it was also a cultural storehouse within which they shaped their stories and records of confrontations with slaveowners and state authorities. After abolition, the black peasants' knowledge of local environments continued to be key to their aspirations, allowing them to maintain relationships with powerful patrons and to participate in the protest cycle that led Getulio Vargas to the presidency of Brazil in 1930. In commonly referring to themselves by such names as "sons of the river," black Amazonians melded their agro-ecological traditions with their emergent identity as political stakeholders. upso-9781469643243-miscMatter-001 Title Pages Oscar de la Torre Title Pages Oscar de la Torre (p.i) The People of the River (p.ii) (p.iii) The People of the River (p.xv) The People of the River (p.xvi) (p.xvii) Title Pages upso-9781469643243-miscMatter-004 Dedication Oscar de la Torre Dedication Oscar de la Torre upso-9781469643243-miscMatter-006 (p.ix) Figures, Graphs, Maps, and Table Oscar de la Torre (p.ix) Figures, Graphs, Maps, and Table Oscar de la Torre Figures Graphs Maps Table upso-9781469643243-miscMatter-007 (p.xi) Acknowledgments Oscar de la Torre (p.xi) Acknowledgments Oscar de la Torre (p.xi) Acknowledgments upso-9781469643243-chapter-001 Introduction Oscar de la Torre Introduction Two Stories about Rivers, People, and Politics Oscar de la Torre Abstract and Keywords Introduction Introduction Introduction Nature, Community, and the Transition to Freedom Introduction Introduction Introduction Afro-Descendant Identities and Post-Emancipation Claims to Citizenship Introduction Introduction Introducing African Slavery in Amazonia: From Pombal to Cabanagem Introduction Introduction Notes: Introduction Introduction Introduction upso-9781469643243-chapter-002 After the Reign of Terror Oscar de la Torre After the Reign of Terror Slavery and the Economy of Post-Cabanagem Pará, 1835–c. 1870 Oscar de la Torre Abstract and Keywords After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror Cacao and Sugar Cultivation in Nineteenth-Century Amazonia: Agro-Environmental Perspectives After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror The Cabanagem Revolt and Pará’s Slaveholding Economy After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror Horizons of Destruction, Horizons of Hope After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror Notes: After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror After the Reign of Terror upso-9781469643243-chapter-003 Killing the Big Snake Oscar de la Torre Killing the Big Snake Myth and History in the Trombetas River, 1800–1888 Oscar de la Torre Abstract and Keywords Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake “One of Them Was Devoured by the Snake … ​ the Others Ran Away to the Forest” Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake “Above the Pancada Waterfalls the Blacks Felt Free from the Yoke and the Persecution of the Masters”: Maravilha and Other Maroon Settlements in 1855 Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake “ With the Death of the Big Snake … ​the Blacks Started to Come Down the Waterfalls”: Abolition and the Move below the Waterfalls Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Abolition, Migration, and the Death of the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Notes: Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake Killing the Big Snake upso-9781469643243-chapter-004 I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool Oscar de la Torre I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool Environmental Creolization and the Erection of Communities in the Senzalas, 1850–1888 Oscar de la Torre Abstract and Keywords I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool (p.54) Learning the Peasant Livelihood I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool (p.60) From Learning to Practicing: The Slaves’ Parallel Economy I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool Family I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool The Legacies and the Problems of Larry’s Strategies I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool Notes: I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool upso-9781469643243-chapter-005 Working Almost as Slaves? Oscar de la Torre Working Almost as Slaves? The Post-Abolition Brazil Nut Trade, 1888–1930 Oscar de la Torre Abstract and Keywords Working Almost as Slaves? Post-Emancipation Mocambeiros: Society, Culture, and Economy Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Going Nuts over Nuts: Land and Labor in the Castanhais Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Taking Revenge: Turning Nature into an Ally Working Almost as Slaves? Becoming Bootlickers: Compadrio and Accommodation Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Conclusion Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Notes: Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? Working Almost as Slaves? upso-9781469643243-chapter-006 Citizens of Tauapará Oscar de la Torre Citizens of Tauapará Landscape, Law, and Citizenship in the Senzalas, 1862–c. 1944 Oscar de la Torre Abstract and Keywords Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará “ Everything about Indicated Opulence and Plenty”: Slave Landscapes in Campina, 1846–1862 Citizens of Tauapará Evolving Landscapes, 1874–1888 Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Landscapes of Post-Slavery Freedom, 1888–1940s Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens: Political and Juridical Dimensions of a Landscape Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Conclusion Citizens of Tauapará Notes: Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará Citizens of Tauapará upso-9781469643243-chapter-007 The People of the Curuá River Oscar de la Torre The People of the Curuá River Black Rural Protest and the Vargas Era in Amazonia, 1921–1945 Oscar de la Torre Abstract and Keywords The People of the Curuá River “ The Sentiment of Revolt that Dominates Them”: Alenquer, 1921 The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River Avoiding an Invasion of Adventurers: Pará’s Republican Government’s Response The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River A Revolution Was Needed in This Country: The Vargas Era in Amazonia The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River Conclusion: Black Demands for Citizenship and the Revolution That Was Not The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River Notes: The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River The People of the Curuá River upso-9781469643243-chapter-008 Conclusion Oscar de la Torre Conclusion Oscar de la Torre Abstract and Keywords Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Identity: What’s Nature Got to Do with It? Conclusion Conclusion (p.142) Roasted Duck or the Novelty of Black Peasants’ Traditions Conclusion Conclusion Notes: Conclusion Conclusion upso-9781469643243-miscMatter-009 (p.147) Notes Oscar de la Torre (p.147) Notes Oscar de la Torre Abbreviations in the Notes (p.147) Notes Introduction (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes Chapter One (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes Chapter Two (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.159) Chapter Three (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes Chapter Four (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes Chapter Five (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes Chapter Six (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes Conclusion (p.147) Notes (p.147) Notes upso-9781469643243-bibliography-001 (p.187) Bibliography Oscar de la Torre (p.187) Bibliography Oscar de la Torre Archival Sources Arquivo do Fórum Judiciário de Santarém Arquivo do Museu de Óbidos Arquivo Público do Estado do Pará Documentação Notarial Fundo Segurança Pública Fundo Segurança Pública, Avulsos Juizo de Direito da Primeira Vara (p.187) Bibliography Juizo de Direito da Segunda Vara Juizo de Órfãos da Capital Juizo de Órfãos de Igarapé-Miri Junta Classificadora de Escravos Livro de Batismo de Colares, 1895–98 Arquivo da Sociedade Literaria e Recreativa 5 de Agosto—Cartório Raiol (p.188) Cartório do 2º Ofício (“Ferreira”), Óbidos Cartório do 2º Ofício (“Toninho”), Alenquer Centro de Memória da Amazônia Fundação Cultural Tancredo Neves Instituto de Terras do Pará (p.187) Bibliography Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Pará, Arquivo Palma Muniz Paróquia de Alenquer Sterling Memorial Library—Yale University Interviews Alenquer Oriximiná (p.187) Bibliography Santarém Vigia (p.187) Bibliography (p.190) Newspapers and Periodicals Published Primary Sources (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography Secondary Sources (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography (p.187) Bibliography upso-9781469643243-indexList-001 (p.219) Index Oscar de la Torre (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index (p.219) Index