Flyrock in Surface Mining: Origin, Prediction, and Control

Description

This book provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and recent research, with a critical review of several aspects of the flyrock phenomenon, along with classification of pertinent literature. This puts flyrock into proper perspective and develops a comprehensive regime for flyrock prediction and control. It also addresses the blast danger zone demarcation based on scientific understanding in comparison to the consequence-based approach supported by pertinent case studies. Features Discusses exclusive material on flyrock in surface mining. Presents comprehensive and critical review of the flyrock phenomenon. Reviews prediction and control mechanisms in vogue with scientific and risk-based definitions of blast danger zone. Provides new insights into the flyrock definitions, prediction, and prevention along with the research approach to the problem. Includes Indian case studies and summarize global data available in the published domain. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in mining and civil engineering, engineering geology, and blasting. Cover Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents About the Author Preface Symbols Acronyms Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Blasting Basics 1.2 Blasting Objectives 1.3 Blast Design 1.3.1 Understanding the Blast Design 1.3.2 Rockmass and Blast Design 1.3.3 Explosive and Blast Design 1.4 Blast Outcome: The Negatives 1.5 Focus Flyrock: Why? Chapter 2 Flyrock! What is It? 2.1 Definitions and Confusion in Terminology and Reporting 2.1.1 Flyrock Definition 2.1.2 Flyrock and Associated Terminology 2.2 The Concept of Wild Flyrock 2.3 The Rebound Effect 2.4 Boulder Blasting 2.5 Toe Blasting 2.6 Situations of Flyrock 2.6.1 Mining 2.6.2 Civil and Construction 2.6.3 Other Underground Excavations 2.6.4 Slopes 2.6.5 Demolition Blasting 2.7 Domain Shift to Rockfall 2.8 Flyrock Measurement Methods 2.8.1 Use of Drones in Flyrock Videography Chapter 3 The True Nature of Flyrock 3.1 Blast Design and Flyrock 3.2 Blasthole Diameter and Flyrock 3.2.1 Specific Charge 3.3 Role of Stemming in Flyrock 3.3.1 Stemming Length 3.3.2 Stemming Material 3.3.3 Stemming Method and Practice 3.3.4 Stemming Plugs 3.4 Role of Burden in Flyrock 3.5 In Situ Rockmass Characteristics 3.5.1 Rockmass Conditions and Flyrock 3.5.2 The Unknowns 3.6 Explosive and Their Role 3.6.1 Delay and Its Malfunctioning 3.7 Flyrock Domains 3.7.1 Post-ejection Phenomenon of Flyrock 3.7.1.1 Initial Velocity 3.7.1.2 Flyrock Angle 3.7.1.3 Air Drag 3.7.1.4 Magnus Effect 3.7.1.5 Rebound 3.7.1.6 Size of Flyrock Chapter 4 Prediction of Flyrock Distance 4.1 Theoretical Concepts 4.2 Mathematical Models 4.3 Empirical and Semi-empirical Models 4.4 Comparative Analysis of Various Flyrock Distance Models 4.4.1 Summary and Broad Analysis of Data from ANN Reports 4.5 Numerical Concepts 4.6 Intelligent Methods 4.7 Pressure-Time-based Methods 4.8 Some Insights into Flyrock Prediction 4.8.1 Concrete Models 4.8.2 Field Testing of Flyrock 4.8.2.1 Modelling Constraints 4.8.3 Modelling the Unknown: Flyrock 4.8.4 Flyrock Size 4.9 Simulation of Flyrock Distance with Air Drag 4.10 The Flyrock Distance Prediction: Folly or Truth Chapter 5 Blast Danger Zone 5.1 Difficult Geomining Conditions 5.2 Objects of Concern in Mining 5.3 Accidents: The Real Concern 5.4 Blast Danger Zone: Definition and Terminology 5.4.1 Legal Framework 5.4.2 Pre-requisites to Define Blast Danger Zone 5.5 Risk-based Blast Danger Zone for Flyrock 5.5.1 Empirical Method 5.5.2 Stochastic Method 5.5.3 Pressure–Time Method 5.6 Definition of Flyrock Permissible Distance Chapter 6 Flyrock: “CAP IT" 6.1 Complete Know-how of Mines 6.1.1 Geology of the Mining Area 6.1.2 Identification of Potential Zones of Flyrock 6.1.3 Presence of Objects of Concern 6.1.4 Orientation of Objects of Concern with Respect to Blast Faces 6.1.5 Understanding the Cause-Effect Relationships 6.2 Flyrock Prevention 6.2.1 Blast Face Survey 6.2.2 Proper Blast Design and Simulations 6.2.3 Air-decking: A Possible Prevention Case 6.2.4 Misfires 6.2.5 Risk-based Prevention 6.3 Flyrock Control 6.3.1 Area Security Issues 6.3.2 Risk Criterion and Risk Management 6.4 Do Electronic Detonators Present a Case? 6.5 Total Flyrock Control with Blast Mat 6.5.1 Case Study 6.6 Reporting 6.7 Communication and Training Chapter 7 Flyrock Control Document 7.1 What Is a Flyrock? 7.2 Who Are the Subjects of Flyrock? 7.3 What Is Blast Danger Zone? 7.4 Can Flyrock Be Predicted? 7.5 Flyrock Risk 7.5.1 Risk Classification 7.5.2 Risk Management 7.6 Flyrock Prevention and Control 7.6.1 General Rules 7.7 Blasting Engineers Check Sheet for Prevention of Flyrock Accidents 7.8 A Word to Regulators and Researchers Index