Diabetes and the Eye: Latest Concepts and Practices

Description

Diabetes and the Eye familiarize the readers with the relationship between diabetes mellitus and the visual system. It presents a discussion about the diabetes epidemic and the many ways the disease can cause vision loss, with several types of vision disorders covered in separate chapters. Information about new frontiers in the treatment of ophthalmic disorders is also presented to reflect the advances being made in the clinic.Key features:- presents detailed coverage of vision loss in diabetes in 12 organized and easy to read chapters- includes a discussion on the diabetes epidemic- covers a wide range of vision disorders, of different parts of the eye- includes information on current practices in eye care and management for diabetic patients- includes information about relevant diagnostic toolsThis book serves as a useful handbook for medical students, residents in ophthalmology, community and academic ophthalmologists, as well as members of the internal medicine and family practice communities. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors Diabetes Epidemic, Epidemiology, Statistics and Trends Andrew M. Hendrick* INTRODUCTION Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Recent Developments in Diabetes Evaluation and Management: Implications for the Practicing Clinicians Anna Y. Groysman, Lina Soni, Samara Skwiersky and Samy I. McFarlane* INTRODUCTION RISK FACTORS OF DIABETES MELLITUS Non-modifiable Risk Factors (Table 1) Genetics Susceptibility Loci Modifiable Risk Factors (Table 1) Lifestyle Vitamins Gut Bacteria COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS Macrovascular Complications Cardiovascular Diseases Cancer Cerebrovascular Accident Peripheral Vascular Disease Microvascular Complications Neuropathy Retinopathy Diabetic Kidney Disease NEW THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES FOR TREATING DIABETES MELLITUS DPP-4 and SGLT2 Inhibitors: The Next Second Line Oral Agents DPP-4 Inhibitors Compared to Sulfonylurea The Search for Superior Insulin as Demand for Higher Doses Rises Insulin Degludec GPR40 Agonist Lixisenatide Anti-Inflammatory Treatment Nitrates and Nitrites Antioxidant Therapy NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS Glucose Monitoring The Artificial Pancreas (Closed-loop Monitoring System) Components of the Closed-loop Monitoring System The Three-body Access Routes The Efficacy of the Closed-loop System Bi-hormonal Therapy and the Closed-loop System Adjunctive Therapies and the Closed-loop System The Outlook of the Closed-loop Monitoring System Pancreas Allotransplantation Islet Cell Allotransplantation Becoming Insulin Free with Stem Cells (Table 2) PREVENTION OF DIABETES MELLITUS Screening Lifestyle Modification Pharmacological Agents Motivational Interviewing CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Blurred Vision in the Diabetic Patient – Reversible and Non-reversible Causes – General Classification of Diabetic Eye Disease Rony Gelman* INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM REVERSIBLE AND NON-REVERSIBLE CAUSES OF VISION LOSS IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY Diabetic Macular Edema Complications from Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Vitreomacular Traction and Epiretinal Membrane CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Diabetes and Ocular Infections Jennifer Lopez and Allison E. Rizzuti* INTRODUCTION RHINO-ORBITAL-CEREBRAL MUCORMYCOSIS Case 1 PRE-SEPTAL & ORBITAL CELLULITIS Case 2 Case 3 INFECTIOUS KERATITIS Case 4 ENDOPHTHALMITIS Case 5 CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Neuro-Ophthalmic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Julie DeBacker1,* and Alessandro Albano2 INTRODUCTION DIABETES AND NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGIC COMPLICATIONS Cranial Nerve Palsies in Diabetes Case 1: Diabetic Patient Presents with an Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Cases 2 and 3: Botulinum Toxin A as a Treatment of Diplopia from Diabetic Abducens Nerve Palsy Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Optic Neuropathy in Young Patients with Diabetes Pupils in Diabetes CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Overview of Anterior and Posterior Segment Complications Steven Agemy1, Zaki Azam2 and Eric Shrier2,* INTRODUCTION Anterior Segment Complications Ocular Surface Diseases Dry Eye Syndrome (DES) Diabetic Keratopathy Refractive Changes Cataracts Ocular Movement Disorders Neovascular Glaucoma Posterior Segment Complications Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic Papillopathy CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Diabetes and the Cornea Lucy Sun1 and Douglas R. Lazzaro2,* CORNEAL EPITHELIUM Increase in Epithelial Thickness Abnormal Basement Membrane Formation Impaired Epithelial Barrier Function Increased Epithelial Fragility Poor Healing Capacity of Epithelial Defects CORNEAL INFECTIONS CORNEAL STROMA Altered Collagen Synthesis CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM Morphological Abnormalities Functional Abnormalities Leading to Increased Water Content in the Atroma and Folds in Descement’s Membrane CORNEAL NERVES Reduced Corneal Sensation Loss of the Subbasal Nerve Plexus Loss of Neurotrophic Support TEAR DYNAMICS AND TEARING Tear Film Dysfunction Decreased Reflex Tearing CORNEA CONSIDERATIONS IN OCULAR SURGERY Cataract Surgery Refractive Surgery: PRK Refractive Surgery: LASIK Penetrating Keratoplasty Pterygium Closed Pars Plana Vitrectomy CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Diabetes, Cataract, and Glaucoma Frank Cao and John Danias* CATARACT Anatomy Risk Factors Pathophysiology Clinical Evaluation Treatment GLAUCOMA Definition and Epidemiology Diabetes and Glaucoma Risk Diabetes and Neovascular Glaucoma Clinical Examination Treatment CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Optical Coherence Tomography and Fluorescein Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy Sruthi Arepalli, Justis P. Ehlers and Peter K. Kaiser* OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY Diabetic Macular Edema Morphological Patterns of Diabetic Macular Edema Retinal Thickness and Individual Layer Integrity in Diabetic Macular Edema Summary OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY Diabetic Macular Edema Macular Ischemia Increased FAZ Perfusion and Vessel Density Microaneurysms Peripheral Ischemia Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Summary FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY Diabetic Ischemia Diabetic Leakage WIDE FIELD FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY Summary CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Classification of Proliferative and Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and its Implications Ferhina S. Ali and Sunir J. Garg* BACKGROUND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY Mild Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Moderate and Severe Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY Panretinal Laser Photocoagulation Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti-VEGF) Therapy CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Current Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Joseph Bogaard and Judy E. Kim* INTRODUCTION Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema Anti-VEGF Therapy for DME Comparison of Anti-VEGF Agents for DME Anti-VEGF Treatment Regimens for DME Safety and Potential Side Effects of Anti-VEGF Therapy Future Developments in Anti-VEGF Therapy for DME Laser Photocoagulation for DME Micropulse Laser Treatment for DME Targeted Peripheral Laser Photocoagulation for DME Corticosteroids for DME Vitrectomy for DME Treatment of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy for PDR CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Future Direction in Diabetic Eye Disease Gautam Vangipuram* and Gaurav K. Shah INTRODUCTION Standard of Care Treatment Addressing Risk Factors Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Therapy FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN ANTI-VEGF Brolucizumab Faricimab Conbercept OPT-302 Port Delivery System (PDS) Gene Therapy Growth Factor Inhibition Inflammatory Response Inhibition THR-149-001 THR-687 OCS-01 Risuteganib AKB-9778 Tie2 Mediators XipereTM Photobiomodulation (PBM) Targeting Neurodegeneration and Other Potential Targets Future Treatment Strategies for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) Protocol S Adjuvant Anti-VEGF Usage Hybrid-Gauge Surgery CONCLUSION CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES Subject Index