Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: How to Write Their History

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List of Contributors ix Introduction 1 part 1 Varieties of Judaism and Christianity in Late Second Temple Times How Later Contexts Affect Pauline Content, or: Retrospect is the Mother of Anachronism 17 Paula Fredriksen Flourishing before the Crisis: Mapping Judaean Society in the First Century ce 52 Eyal Regev The Carabas Affair (in Flacc 36–39): An Incident Emblematic of Philo’s Political Philosophy 70 Baudouin Decharneux The Jewishness of Jude–James–Hebrews in Light of Purity 80 Huub van de Sandt part 2 The Period of the Revolts 66–135ce Animal Sacrifice and Political Identity in Rome and Judaea 105 James B. Rives Why Did Judaeans Go to War with Rome in 66–67ce? Realist-Regional Perspectives 126 Steve Mason ‘Men Casually Armed against Fully Equipped Regulars’: The Roman Military Response to Jewish Insurgence 63bce–135ce 207 Adrian Goldsworthy Yavne Revisited: Jewish ‘Survival’ in the Wake of the War of Destruction 238 Joshua Schwartz The Destruction of the Temple and the Conformation of Judaism and Christianity 253 J. Andrew Overman Socio-Economic and Cultural Developments in the Galilee from the Late First to the Early Third Century ce 278 Zeʾev Safrai part 3 Post-Revolt Jewish and Christian Identities ‘Jews’ and ‘Christians’ in the Eyes of Roman Authors c. 100ce 313 John M.G. Barclay The Fiscus Judaicus: Its Social and Legal Impact and a Possible Relation with Josephus’ Antiquities 327 Marius Heemstra The Didache, Matthew, and Barnabas as Sources for Early Second Century Jewish and Christian History 348 Peter J. Tomson Beyond Naming: Laws of Minim in Tannaic Literature and the Early Rabbinic Discourse of Minut 383 Adiel Schremer The Rule of the Martian in the Ancient Diaspora: Celsus and His Jew 398 Albert I. Baumgarten Yetser Ha-Ra and Daimones: A Shared Ancient Jewish and Christian Discourse 431 Ishay Rosen-Zvi Abbreviations 455 Bibliography 458 Index of Ancient Sources 511 Index of Names 535