Chitin and Chitosan: Science and Engineering

Description

This book reviews work that covers everything from basic chemistry to advanced applications. Chitin and chitosan are used in a plethora of applications from wastewater treatment to prosthetics.  After introducing the subject of polysaccharides as a whole, the authors turn to the preparation of chitin and chitosan and the characterization of the latter. The book provides information on chitin chemistry, extraction of chitin, chitosan preparation processes, and the applications of their derivatives in various fields. Among the applications that are included in detail are the adsorption of heavy metals for pollution prevention and clean-up, biosensors, cosmetics, various medical applications from anti-tumor activity to bone tissue engineering, agriculture and food production, and proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. Chitin and Chitosan features: •  information on molecular structure, synthesis, properties, and latest research related to chitin and chitosan; •  coverage of a wide range of topics from the properties of chitosan to its derivatives and applications; •  in-depth information on biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan; and •  information that can be applied to other biopolymer processing engineering areas. This book will be of interest to practitioners working in a wide variety of industries for which chitin and chitosan are useful materials, researchers in biosensors and heavy-metal adsorption, and to academic researchers investigating the properties, preparation, and uses of these materials. Preface Contents 1 Polysaccharides: Chitin and Chitosan 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Polysaccharides in General 1.1.2 Storage Polysaccharides 1.1.3 Structural Polysaccharides 1.1.4 Polysaccharides from Marine Source 1.1.5 Mucosubstances 1.1.6 Polysaccharides as a Human Nutrition Source 1.1.7 Chitosan Market 1.1.8 Summary References 2 Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan 2.1 Chitin and Chitosan 2.2 Chitosan Preparation Methods 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Extraction of Chitin 2.3 Preparation of Chitosan 2.4 Chitin and Chitosan Properties 2.5 Summary References 3 Chitosan Characterization 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Molecular Weight 3.1.2 Degree of Deacetylation (DD) and Dissociation Constant of Chitosan 3.1.3 Swelling Behavior and Solubility 3.1.4 Percentage of Moisture (Loss on Drying) 3.1.5 Percentage of Ash 3.2 Morphology of the Chitosan Using SEM, EDS X-Ray Analysis, and TEM 3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis 3.2.2 Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopic (EDS) X-Ray Microanalysis 3.2.3 Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM) 3.2.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Chitosan 3.2.5 Determination of Surface Area and Surface Charge of Chitosan 3.2.6 Moisture Sorption onto Chitosan 3.2.7 Mechanical Properties of Chitin and Chitosan 3.2.8 Diffuse Reflective UV-Vis (DRUV) Spectroscopy 3.2.9 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis 3.2.10 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy 3.3 Summary References 4 The Structural Difference Between Chitin and Chitosan 4.1 Molecular Structure of Chitin 4.2 Chitin and Chitosan: Structural Differences from Spectroscopic Analysis 4.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern of Chitin and Chitosan 4.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 4.2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 4.2.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 4.2.5 Raman Spectroscopy 4.3 Summary References 5 Preparation and Application of Chitosan Derivatives 5.1 Physicochemical Crosslinking of Chitosan 5.2 Radiation-Induced Crosslinking 5.3 Water-Soluble Chitosan Derivatives 5.4 Overall Synthesis Process for Water-Soluble Chitosan Derivatives 5.4.1 Alkylation of Chitosan 5.4.2 Sulfated Chitosan 5.4.3 Phosphorylation of Chitosan 5.4.4 Quarternized Chitosan 5.5 Preparation of Chitosan-Based Hydrogel 5.5.1 Introduction and Background 5.5.2 Preparation of Chitosan Hydrogel 5.5.3 Chitosan-Based “Smart” Hydrogels 5.6 Chitosan Nanoparticles 5.7 Chitosan Nanofibers 5.8 Chitosan Coated on to Inorganic Materials for the Preparation of Adsorbent Bead 5.9 Summary References 6 Adsorption—Heavy Metals Removal 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Adsorption Methods 6.2.1 Experimental Procedure for Equilibrium Uptake of Metal Ions on Adsorbent from Aqueous Solution 6.2.2 Adsorption Controlling Parameters 6.2.3 Effect of Contact Time and Sorbate Concentration in Solution on Adsorption Process 6.2.4 Equilibrium Considerations 6.2.5 Single Component Monolayer Models 6.2.6 Single Component Multilayer Models 6.3 Error Analysis for Isotherm Studies 6.4 Thermodynamic Parameters 6.4.1 Pseudo-First-Order Kinetics and Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm 6.4.2 Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model 6.4.3 The Elovich Equation 6.4.4 Intraparticle Diffusion 6.5 Thermodynamic Parameters 6.5.1 Polanyi’s Potential Theory 6.5.2 Activation Energy 6.6 Dynamic Adsorption 6.6.1 Fundamentals of Dynamic Adsorption 6.6.2 LUB Equilibrium Method 6.7 Sorption Mechanisms 6.8 Case Study I 6.8.1 Sorption Mechanism of Arsenic on to Chitosan–Iron Bead 6.8.2 Summary 6.9 Case Study 2 6.9.1 Sorption Mechanism of Uranium on to Chitosan-Coated Perlite (CP) Beads 6.9.2 Results and Discussion 6.9.3 Summary References 7 Chitosan-Based Sensors 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fabrication of Chitosan Membranes and Films 7.3 Chitosan-Based Sensors 7.3.1 Glucose Biosensor 7.3.2 Chitosan-Based Sensor by Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Method 7.3.3 Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Sensor 7.4 Summary References 8 Application of Chitosan in the Medical and Biomedical Field 8.1 Skin Wound 8.2 Application of Biopolymer in Wound Healing 8.3 Application of Chitosan in Medical and Biomedical Fields 8.3.1 Wound Dressing and Healing 8.3.2 Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering 8.3.3 Antimicrobial Application of Chitosan 8.3.4 Anticancer and Antitumor Activity of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 8.4 Chitosan-Based Medical Isotope Separation 8.4.1 Separation of 99mTc from 99Mo Using Chitosan-Based Adsorbent 8.5 Summary References 9 Application of Chitosan in Textiles 9.1 Chitosan Use in Textiles 9.2 Summary References 10 Chitosan for the Agricultural Sector and Food Industry 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Application of Chitosan in Agriculture and Agro-based Industry 10.3 Summary References 11 Applications of Chitosan in Fuel Cells 11.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 11.2 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell 11.2.1 Membrane 11.2.2 Membrane/Electrode Assembly 11.2.3 Efficiency, Power, and Energy of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell 11.2.4 The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stack 11.2.5 Water Management in a Fuel Cell 11.3 Fuel 11.4 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) 11.5 Application of Chitosan in Fuel Cells 11.6 Summary References 12 Chitosan Uses in Cosmetics 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Target Organs for Cosmetics Products 12.2.1 Skin 12.2.2 Hair 12.2.3 Teeth 12.3 Chitin and Chitosan and Their Derivatives in the Cosmetics 12.3.1 Synthesis of Chitosan Derivatives 12.3.2 Skincare Cosmetics 12.3.3 Hair Care Cosmetics 12.3.4 Teeth 12.4 Summary References Index