Psychology in Modules, 11th ed.

Description

In this version of Psychology, Eleventh Edition, David Myers and Nathan DeWall break down the new edition's 16 chapters into 55 modules, assignable in any sequence and brief enough to be read in one sitting. It’s a format favored by a wide range of students and instructors, one that’s supported by substantial research showing that shorter reading assignments are more easily absorbed than longer ones. The new edition of Modules includes the same new features and content of Psychology, Eleventh Edition, and like that text, is more than ever a fully integrated text/media learning package. New features (How Would You Know; Assess Your Strengths) move students from reading the chapter to actively learning online. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Dedication......Page 9 About the Authors......Page 10 Contents......Page 14 Preface......Page 20 Time Management Or, How to Be a Great Student and Still Have a Life......Page 52 The Story of Psychology......Page 62 Psychological Science Is Born......Page 63 Psychological Science Develops......Page 65 Contemporary Psychology......Page 67 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science......Page 80 Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight Bias......Page 81 Overconfidence......Page 82 Perceiving Order in Random Events......Page 83 The Scientific Attitude: Curious, Skeptical, and Humble......Page 84 Critical Thinking......Page 85 The Scientific Method......Page 87 Description......Page 88 Correlation......Page 92 Experimentation......Page 96 Psychology’s Research Ethics......Page 100 Module 4: Statistical Reasoning inEveryday Life......Page 103 Describing Data......Page 104 Significant Differences......Page 107 The Biology of Mind......Page 112 Biology, Behavior, and Mind......Page 113 Neural Communication......Page 114 The Nervous System......Page 121 The Endocrine System......Page 124 The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined......Page 127 Older Brain Structures......Page 130 The Cerebral Cortex......Page 135 Our Divided Brain......Page 143 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Handedness......Page 147 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind......Page 152 Defining Consciousness......Page 153 The Biology of Consciousness......Page 154 Selective Attention......Page 156 Biological Rhythms and Sleep......Page 161 Why Do We Sleep?......Page 166 Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders......Page 168 Dreams......Page 173 Tolerance and Addiction......Page 178 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Addiction......Page 179 Types of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 180 Influences on Drug Use......Page 187 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity......Page 194 Genes: Our Codes for Life......Page 195 Twin and Adoption Studies......Page 196 Heritability......Page 201 Gene–Environment Interaction......Page 203 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Prenatal Testing to Predict Future Traits......Page 204 Natural Selection and Adaptation......Page 205 Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities......Page 206 An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality......Page 208 Module 13: Culture, Gender, and Other Environmental Influences......Page 212 How Does Experience Influence Development?......Page 213 Cultural Influences......Page 216 Gender Development......Page 222 Reflections on Nature, Nurture, and Their Interaction......Page 231 Developing Through the Life Span......Page 238 Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues......Page 239 Prenatal Development and the Newborn......Page 241 Physical Development......Page 245 Cognitive Development......Page 247 Social Development......Page 256 Module 16: Adolescence......Page 264 Physical Development......Page 265 Cognitive Development......Page 266 Social Development......Page 269 Emerging Adulthood......Page 273 Module 17: Adulthood......Page 274 Physical Development......Page 275 Cognitive Development......Page 278 Social Development......Page 280 Sensation and Perception......Page 290 Transduction......Page 291 Thresholds......Page 292 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Subliminal Persuasion......Page 294 Sensory Adaptation......Page 295 Perceptual Set......Page 296 Motivation and Emotion......Page 298 Light Energy and Eye Structures......Page 300 Information Processing in the Eye and Brain......Page 302 Perceptual Organization......Page 308 Perceptual Interpretation......Page 314 Hearing......Page 317 The Other Senses......Page 321 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Hypnosis and Pain Relief......Page 326 Sensory Interaction......Page 330 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ESP—Perception Without Sensation?......Page 333 Learning......Page 340 How Do We Learn?......Page 341 Classical Conditioning......Page 343 Skinner’s Experiments......Page 351 Skinner’s Legacy......Page 358 Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning......Page 360 Biological Constraints on Conditioning......Page 361 Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning......Page 365 Learning by Observation......Page 367 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Does Viewing Media Violence Trigger Violent Behavior?......Page 373 Memory......Page 378 Studying Memory......Page 379 Encoding Memories......Page 382 Memory Storage......Page 389 Memory Retrieval......Page 395 Forgetting......Page 399 Memory Construction Errors......Page 404 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?......Page 409 Improving Memory......Page 411 Thinking and Language......Page 416 Concepts......Page 417 Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles......Page 418 Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments......Page 420 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Fear Factor—Why We Fear the Wrong Things......Page 423 Thinking Creatively......Page 426 Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?......Page 428 Language Structure......Page 431 Language Development......Page 432 The Brain and Language......Page 437 Do Other Species Have Language?......Page 438 Thinking and Language......Page 440 Intelligence......Page 446 Spearman’s General Intelligence Factor and Thurstone’s Response......Page 447 Theories of Multiple Intelligences......Page 448 Emotional Intelligence......Page 451 Module 30: Assessing Intelligence......Page 453 Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities......Page 454 Principles of Test Construction......Page 456 Stability or Change?......Page 460 Extremes of Intelligence......Page 464 Module 32: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence......Page 466 Twin and Adoption Studies......Page 467 Environmental Influences......Page 469 Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores......Page 471 The Question of Bias......Page 474 What Drives Us: Hunger, Sex, Friendship, and Achievement......Page 480 Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology......Page 481 Optimum Arousal......Page 482 A Hierarchy of Motives......Page 483 Module 34: Hunger......Page 485 The Physiology of Hunger......Page 486 The Psychology of Hunger......Page 488 Obesity and Weight Control......Page 490 The Physiology of Sex......Page 494 The Psychology of Sex......Page 498 Sexual Orientation......Page 501 Sex and Human Values......Page 507 The Need to Belong......Page 509 Achievement Motivation......Page 515 Emotions, Stress, and Health......Page 520 Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition......Page 521 Embodied Emotion......Page 525 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection......Page 527 Detecting Emotion in Others......Page 529 Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior......Page 531 Culture and Emotional Expression......Page 532 The Effects of Facial Expressions......Page 535 Module 39: Experiencing Emotion......Page 537 Anger......Page 538 Happiness......Page 540 Stress: Some Basic Concepts......Page 549 Stress and Vulnerability to Disease......Page 553 Coping With Stress......Page 561 Reducing Stress......Page 568 Social Psychology......Page 578 The Fundamental Attribution Error......Page 579 Attitudes and Actions......Page 581 Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures......Page 585 Obedience: Following Orders......Page 589 Group Behavior......Page 592 Prejudice......Page 598 Aggression......Page 606 Attraction......Page 612 Altruism......Page 619 Peacemaking......Page 623 Personality......Page 632 Psychodynamic Theories......Page 633 Humanistic Theories......Page 644 Trait Theories......Page 647 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Stigma of Introversion......Page 649 Social-Cognitive Theories......Page 655 Exploring the Self......Page 659 Psychological Disorders......Page 670 Defining Psychological Disorders......Page 671 Understanding Psychological Disorders......Page 672 Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People......Page 674 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?......Page 676 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Are People With Psychological Disorders Dangerous?......Page 677 Rates of Psychological Disorders......Page 678 Module 50: Anxiety Disorders, OCD,and PTSD......Page 680 Anxiety Disorders......Page 681 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)......Page 683 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)......Page 684 Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD......Page 685 Module 51: Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder......Page 689 Bipolar Disorder......Page 690 Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder......Page 692 Symptoms of Schizophrenia......Page 701 Understanding Schizophrenia......Page 702 Dissociative Disorders......Page 707 Personality Disorders......Page 710 Eating Disorders......Page 712 Therapy......Page 718 Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 719 Humanistic Therapies......Page 722 Behavior Therapies......Page 723 Cognitive Therapies......Page 727 Group and Family Therapies......Page 731 Is Psychotherapy Effective?......Page 734 Which Psychotherapies Work Best?......Page 736 Evaluating Alternative Therapies......Page 738 How Do Psychotherapies Help People?......Page 739 Culture and Values in Psychotherapy......Page 741 Module 56: Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders......Page 742 Drug Therapies......Page 743 Brain Stimulation......Page 746 Psychosurgery......Page 748 Therapeutic Lifestyle Change......Page 749 Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience......Page 750 Appendix A: Psychology at Work......Page 755 Appendix B: Subfields of Psychology, by Jennifer Zwolinski......Page 773 Appendix C: Complete Module Reviews......Page 779 Appendix D: Answers to Test Yourself Questions......Page 829 Glossary......Page 837 References......Page 853 Name Index......Page 953 Subject Index......Page 973 Back Cover......Page 988