Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF), version 1.5

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PDF Reference (Version 1.5) Contents Figures Tables Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 About This Book 1.2 Introduction to PDF 1.5 Features 1.3 Related Publications 1.4 Intellectual Property 2 Overview 2.1 Imaging Model 2.1.1 Page Description Languages 2.1.2 Adobe Imaging Model 2.1.3 Raster Output Devices 2.1.4 Scan Conversion 2.2 Other General Properties 2.2.1 Portability 2.2.2 Compression 2.2.3 Font Management 2.2.4 Single-Pass File Generation 2.2.5 Random Access 2.2.6 Security 2.2.7 Incremental Update 2.2.8 Extensibility 2.3 Creating PDF 2.4 PDF and the PostScript Language 3 Syntax 3.1 Lexical Conventions 3.1.1 Character Set 3.1.2 Comments 3.2 Objects 3.2.1 Boolean Objects 3.2.2 Numeric Objects 3.2.3 String Objects Literal Strings Hexadecimal Strings 3.2.4 Name Objects 3.2.5 Array Objects 3.2.6 Dictionary Objects 3.2.7 Stream Objects Stream Extent 3.2.8 Null Object 3.2.9 Indirect Objects 3.3 Filters 3.3.1 ASCIIHexDecode Filter 3.3.2 ASCII85Decode Filter 3.3.3 LZWDecode and FlateDecode Filters Details of LZW Encoding LZWDecode and FlateDecode Parameters LZW and Flate Predictor Functions 3.3.4 RunLengthDecode Filter 3.3.5 CCITTFaxDecode Filter 3.3.6 JBIG2Decode Filter 3.3.7 DCTDecode Filter 3.3.8 JPXDecode Filter 3.3.9 Crypt Filter 3.4 File Structure 3.4.1 File Header 3.4.2 File Body 3.4.3 Cross-Reference Table 3.4.4 File Trailer 3.4.5 Incremental Updates 3.4.6 Object Streams 3.4.7 Cross-Reference Streams Cross-Reference Stream Dictionary Cross-Reference Stream Data Compatibility with PDF 1.4 3.5 Encryption 3.5.1 General Encryption Algorithm 3.5.2 Standard Security Handler Standard Encryption Dictionary Encryption Key Algorithm Password Algorithms 3.5.3 Public-Key Security Handlers Public-Key Encryption Dictionary Public-Key Encryption Algorithms 3.5.4 Crypt Filters 3.6 Document Structure 3.6.1 Document Catalog 3.6.2 Page Tree Page Tree Nodes Page Objects Inheritance of Page Attributes 3.6.3 Name Dictionary 3.7 Content Streams and Resources 3.7.1 Content Streams 3.7.2 Resource Dictionaries 3.8 Common Data Structures 3.8.1 Text Strings 3.8.2 Text Streams 3.8.3 Dates 3.8.4 Rectangles 3.8.5 Name Trees 3.8.6 Number Trees 3.9 Functions 3.9.1 Type 0 (Sampled) Functions 3.9.2 Type 2 (Exponential Interpolation) Functions 3.9.3 Type 3 (Stitching) Functions 3.9.4 Type 4 (PostScript Calculator) Functions Errors in Type 4 Functions 3.10 File Specifications 3.10.1 File Specification Strings Absolute and Relative File Specifications Conversion to Platform-Dependent File Names Multiple-Byte Strings in File Specifications 3.10.2 File Specification Dictionaries 3.10.3 Embedded File Streams Related Files Arrays 3.10.4 URL Specifications 3.10.5 Maintenance of File Specifications 4 Graphics 4.1 Graphics Objects 4.2 Coordinate Systems 4.2.1 Coordinate Spaces Device Space User Space Other Coordinate Spaces Relationships among Coordinate Spaces 4.2.2 Common Transformations 4.2.3 Transformation Matrices 4.3 Graphics State 4.3.1 Graphics State Stack 4.3.2 Details of Graphics State Parameters Line Width Line Cap Style Line Join Style Miter Limit Line Dash Pattern 4.3.3 Graphics State Operators 4.3.4 Graphics State Parameter Dictionaries 4.4 Path Construction and Painting 4.4.1 Path Construction Operators Cubic Bézier Curves 4.4.2 Path-Painting Operators Stroking Filling Nonzero Winding Number Rule Even-Odd Rule 4.4.3 Clipping Path Operators 4.5 Color Spaces 4.5.1 Color Values 4.5.2 Color Space Families 4.5.3 Device Color Spaces DeviceGray Color Space DeviceRGB Color Space DeviceCMYK Color Space 4.5.4 CIE-Based Color Spaces CalGray Color Spaces CalRGB Color Spaces Lab Color Spaces ICCBased Color Spaces Default Color Spaces Implicit Conversion of CIE-Based Color Spaces Rendering Intents 4.5.5 Special Color Spaces Pattern Color Spaces Indexed Color Spaces Separation Color Spaces DeviceN Color Spaces Multitone Examples 4.5.6 Overprint Control 4.5.7 Color Operators 4.6 Patterns 4.6.1 General Properties of Patterns 4.6.2 Tiling Patterns Colored Tiling Patterns Uncolored Tiling Patterns 4.6.3 Shading Patterns Shading Operator Shading Dictionaries Color Space: Special Considerations Shading Types Type 1 (Function-Based) Shadings Type 2 (Axial) Shadings Type 3 (Radial) Shadings Type 4 Shadings (Free-Form Gouraud-Shaded Triangle Meshes) Type 5 Shadings (Lattice-Form Gouraud-Shaded Triangle Meshes) Type 6 Shadings (Coons Patch Meshes) Type 7 Shadings (Tensor-Product Patch Meshes) 4.7 External Objects 4.7.1 PostScript XObjects 4.8 Images 4.8.1 Image Parameters 4.8.2 Sample Representation 4.8.3 Image Coordinate System 4.8.4 Image Dictionaries Decode Arrays Image Interpolation Alternate Images 4.8.5 Masked Images Stencil Masking Explicit Masking Color Key Masking 4.8.6 Inline Images 4.9 Form XObjects 4.9.1 Form Dictionaries 4.9.2 Group XObjects 4.9.3 Reference XObjects Printing Reference XObjects Special Considerations 4.10 Optional Content 4.10.1 Optional Content Groups Optional Content Membership Dictionaries Intent 4.10.2 Making Graphical Content Optional Optional Content in Content Streams Optional Content in XObjects and Annotations 4.10.3 Configuring Optional Content Optional Content Properties Dictionary Optional Content Configuration Dictionaries Usage and Usage Application Dictionaries Determining the State of Optional Content Groups 5 Text 5.1 Organization and Use of Fonts 5.1.1 Basics of Showing Text 5.1.2 Achieving Special Graphical Effects 5.1.3 Glyph Positioning and Metrics 5.2 Text State Parameters and Operators 5.2.1 Character Spacing 5.2.2 Word Spacing 5.2.3 Horizontal Scaling 5.2.4 Leading 5.2.5 Text Rendering Mode 5.2.6 Text Rise 5.2.7 Text Knockout 5.3 Text Objects 5.3.1 Text-Positioning Operators 5.3.2 Text-Showing Operators 5.3.3 Text Space Details 5.4 Introduction to Font Data Structures 5.5 Simple Fonts 5.5.1 Type 1 Fonts Standard Type 1 Fonts Multiple Master Fonts 5.5.2 TrueType Fonts 5.5.3 Font Subsets 5.5.4 Type 3 Fonts Example of a Type 3 Font 5.5.5 Character Encoding Encodings for Type 1 Fonts Encodings for Type 3 Fonts Encodings for TrueType Fonts 5.6 Composite Fonts 5.6.1 CID-Keyed Fonts Overview 5.6.2 CIDSystemInfo Dictionaries 5.6.3 CIDFonts Glyph Selection in CIDFonts Glyph Metrics in CIDFonts 5.6.4 CMaps Predefined CMaps Embedded CMap Files CMap Example and Operator Summary 5.6.5 Type 0 Font Dictionaries CMap Mapping Handling Undefined Characters 5.7 Font Descriptors 5.7.1 Font Descriptor Flags 5.7.2 Font Descriptors for CIDFonts Style FD 5.8 Embedded Font Programs 5.9 Extraction of Text Content 5.9.1 Mapping Character Codes to Unicode Values 5.9.2 ToUnicode CMaps 6 Rendering 6.1 CIE-Based Color to Device Color 6.2 Conversions among Device Color Spaces 6.2.1 Conversion between DeviceGray and DeviceRGB 6.2.2 Conversion between DeviceGray and DeviceCMYK 6.2.3 Conversion from DeviceRGB to DeviceCMYK 6.2.4 Conversion from DeviceCMYK to DeviceRGB 6.3 Transfer Functions 6.4 Halftones 6.4.1 Halftone Screens 6.4.2 Spot Functions 6.4.3 Threshold Arrays 6.4.4 Halftone Dictionaries Type 1 Halftones Type 6 Halftones Type 10 Halftones Type 16 Halftones Type 5 Halftones 6.5 Scan Conversion Details 6.5.1 Flatness Tolerance 6.5.2 Smoothness Tolerance 6.5.3 Scan Conversion Rules 6.5.4 Automatic Stroke Adjustment 7 Transparency 7.1 Overview of Transparency 7.2 Basic Compositing Computations 7.2.1 Basic Notation for Compositing Computations 7.2.2 Basic Compositing Formula 7.2.3 Blending Color Space 7.2.4 Blend Mode 7.2.5 Interpretation of Alpha 7.2.6 Shape and Opacity Computations Source Shape and Opacity Result Shape and Opacity 7.2.7 Summary of Basic Compositing Computations 7.3 Transparency Groups 7.3.1 Notation for Group Compositing Computations 7.3.2 Group Structure and Nomenclature 7.3.3 Group Compositing Computations 7.3.4 Isolated Groups 7.3.5 Knockout Groups 7.3.6 Page Group 7.3.7 Summary of Group Compositing Computations 7.4 Soft Masks 7.4.1 Deriving a Soft Mask from Group Alpha 7.4.2 Deriving a Soft Mask from Group Luminosity 7.5 Specifying Transparency in PDF 7.5.1 Specifying Source and Backdrop Colors 7.5.2 Specifying Blending Color Space and Blend Mode 7.5.3 Specifying Shape and Opacity Object Shape and Opacity Mask Shape and Opacity Constant Shape and Opacity 7.5.4 Specifying Soft Masks Soft-Mask Dictionaries Soft-Mask Images 7.5.5 Transparency Group XObjects 7.5.6 Patterns and Transparency 7.6 Color Space and Rendering Issues 7.6.1 Color Spaces for Transparency Groups 7.6.2 Spot Colors and Transparency 7.6.3 Overprinting and Transparency Blend Modes and Overprinting Compatibility with Opaque Overprinting Special Path-Painting Considerations Summary of Overprinting Behavior 7.6.4 Rendering Parameters and Transparency Halftone and Transfer Function Rendering Intent and Color Conversions 7.6.5 PostScript Compatibility 8 Interactive Features 8.1 Viewer Preferences 8.2 Document-Level Navigation 8.2.1 Destinations Explicit Destinations Named Destinations 8.2.2 Document Outline 8.2.3 Thumbnail Images 8.3 Page-Level Navigation 8.3.1 Page Labels 8.3.2 Articles 8.3.3 Presentations Sub-page Navigation 8.4 Annotations 8.4.1 Annotation Dictionaries 8.4.2 Annotation Flags 8.4.3 Border Styles 8.4.4 Appearance Streams 8.4.5 Annotation Types Markup Annotations Annotation States Text Annotations Link Annotations Free Text Annotations Line Annotations Square and Circle Annotations Polygon and Polyline Annotations Text Markup Annotations Caret Annotations Rubber Stamp Annotations Ink Annotations Pop-up Annotations File Attachment Annotations Sound Annotations Movie Annotations Screen Annotations Widget Annotations Printer’s Mark Annotations Trap Network Annotations 8.5 Actions 8.5.1 Action Dictionaries 8.5.2 Trigger Events 8.5.3 Action Types Go-To Actions Remote Go-To Actions Launch Actions Thread Actions URI Actions Sound Actions Movie Actions Hide Actions Named Actions Set-OCG-State Actions Rendition Actions Transition Actions 8.6 Interactive Forms 8.6.1 Interactive Form Dictionary 8.6.2 Field Dictionaries Field Names Variable Text Rich Text Strings 8.6.3 Field Types Button Fields Pushbuttons Checkboxes Radio Buttons Text Fields Choice Fields Signature Fields 8.6.4 Form Actions Submit-Form Actions Reset-Form Actions Import-Data Actions JavaScript Actions 8.6.5 Named Pages 8.6.6 Forms Data Format FDF File Structure FDF Header FDF Body FDF Trailer FDF Catalog FDF Fields FDF Pages FDF Annotation Dictionaries 8.6.7 XFA Forms 8.7 Digital Signatures 8.7.1 Signature Interoperability PKCS#1 Signatures PKCS#7 Signatures 8.7.2 Transform Methods DocMDP UR FieldMDP Identity 8.7.3 Permissions 8.7.4 Legal Content Attestations 9 Multimedia Features 9.1 Multimedia 9.1.1 Viability 9.1.2 Renditions Media Renditions Selector Renditions 9.1.3 Media Clip Objects Media Clip Data Media Clip Section 9.1.4 Media Play Parameters 9.1.5 Media Screen Parameters Media Offset Dictionary Timespan Dictionary 9.1.6 Other Multimedia Objects Media Players Dictionary Media Player Info Dictionary Software Identifier Dictionary Software URIs Version arrays Monitor Specifier 9.2 Sounds 9.3 Movies 9.4 Alternate Presentations 10 Document Interchange 10.1 Procedure Sets 10.2 Metadata 10.2.1 Document Information Dictionary 10.2.2 Metadata Streams 10.3 File Identifiers 10.4 Page-Piece Dictionaries 10.5 Marked Content 10.5.1 Property Lists 10.5.2 Marked Content and Clipping 10.6 Logical Structure 10.6.1 Structure Hierarchy 10.6.2 Structure Types 10.6.3 Structure Content Marked-Content Sequences as Content Items PDF Objects as Content Items Structure Elements as Content Items Finding Structure Elements from Content Items 10.6.4 Structure Attributes Attribute Classes Attribute Revision Numbers 10.6.5 Example of Logical Structure 10.7 Tagged PDF 10.7.1 Mark Information Dictionary 10.7.2 Tagged PDF and Page Content Real Content and Artifacts Specification of Artifacts Incidental Artifacts Page Content Order Sequencing of Annotations Reverse-Order Show Strings Extraction of Character Properties Unicode Mapping in Tagged PDF Font Characteristics Identifying Word Breaks 10.7.3 Basic Layout Model 10.7.4 Standard Structure Types Grouping Elements Block-Level Structure Elements Paragraphlike Elements List Elements Table Elements Usage Guidelines for Block-Level Structure Inline-Level Structure Elements Link Elements Annotation Elements Ruby and Warichu Elements Illustration Elements 10.7.5 Standard Structure Attributes Standard Attribute Owners Attribute Values and Inheritance Layout Attributes General Layout Attributes Layout Attributes for BLSEs Layout Attributes for ILSEs Content and Allocation Rectangles Illustration Attributes List Attribute Table Attributes 10.8 Accessibility Support 10.8.1 Natural Language Specification Language Identifiers Language Specification Hierarchy Multi-language Text Arrays 10.8.2 Alternate Descriptions 10.8.3 Replacement Text 10.8.4 Expansion of Abbreviations and Acronyms 10.9 Web Capture 10.9.1 Web Capture Information Dictionary 10.9.2 Content Database URL Strings Digital Identifiers Unique Name Generation 10.9.3 Content Sets Page Sets Image Sets 10.9.4 Source Information URL Alias Dictionaries Command Dictionaries Command Settings 10.9.5 Object Attributes Related to Web Capture 10.10 Prepress Support 10.10.1 Page Boundaries Display of Page Boundaries 10.10.2 Printer’s Marks 10.10.3 Separation Dictionaries 10.10.4 Output Intents 10.10.5 Trapping Support Trap Network Annotations Trap Network Appearances 10.10.6 Open Prepress Interface (OPI) A Operator Summary B Operators in Type 4 Functions B.1 Arithmetic Operators B.2 Relational, Boolean, and Bitwise Operators B.3 Conditional Operators B.4 Stack Operators C Implementation Limits C.1 General Implementation Limits C.2 Implementation Limits Affecting Web Capture D Character Sets and Encodings D.1 Latin Character Set and Encodings D.2 Expert Set and MacExpertEncoding D.3 Symbol Set and Encoding D.4 ZapfDingbats Set and Encoding E PDF Name Registry F Linearized PDF F.1 Background and Assumptions F.2 Linearized PDF Document Structure F.2.1 Header (Part 1) F.2.2 Linearization Parameter Dictionary (Part 2) F.2.3 First-Page Cross-Reference Table and Trailer (Part 3) F.2.4 Document Catalog and Document-Level Objects (Part 4) F.2.5 Hint Streams (Parts 5 and 10) F.2.6 First-Page Section (Part 6) F.2.7 Remaining Pages (Part 7) F.2.8 Shared Objects (Part 8) F.2.9 Other Objects (Part 9) F.2.10 Main Cross-Reference and Trailer (Part 11) F.3 Hint Tables F.3.1 Page Offset Hint Table F.3.2 Shared Object Hint Table F.3.3 Thumbnail Hint Table F.3.4 Generic Hint Tables F.3.5 Extended Generic Hint Tables F.3.6 Embedded File Stream Hint Tables F.4 Access Strategies F.4.1 Opening at the First Page F.4.2 Opening at an Arbitrary Page F.4.3 Going to Another Page of an Open Document F.4.4 Drawing a Page Incrementally F.4.5 Following an Article Thread F.4.6 Accessing an Updated File G Example PDF Files G.1 Minimal PDF File G.2 Simple Text String Example G.3 Simple Graphics Example G.4 Page Tree Example G.5 Outline Hierarchy Example G.6 Updating Example G.6.1 Stage 1: Add Four Text Annotations G.6.2 Stage 2: Modify Text of One Annotation G.6.3 Stage 3: Delete Two Annotations G.6.4 Stage 4: Add Three Annotations H Compatibility and Implementation Notes H.1 PDF Version Numbers H.2 Feature Compatibility H.3 Implementation Notes 1.2, “Introduction to PDF 1.5 Features” 3.1.2, “Comments” 3.2.4, “Name Objects” 3.2.7, “Stream Objects” 3.2.9, “Indirect Objects” 3.3, “Filters” 3.3.7, “DCTDecode Filter” 3.4, “File Structure” 3.4.1, “File Header” 3.4.3, “Cross-Reference Table” 3.4.4, “File Trailer” 3.4.6, “Object Streams” 3.5, “Encryption” 3.5.2, “Standard Security Handler” (Standard Encryption Dictionary) 3.5.2, “Standard Security Handler” (Password Algorithms) 3.5.4, “Crypt Filters” 3.6.1, “Document Catalog” 3.6.2, “Page Tree” (Page Objects) 3.7.1, “Content Streams” 3.9.1, “Type 0 (Sampled) Functions” 3.9.2, “Type 2 (Exponential Interpolation) Functions” 3.9.3, “Type 3 (Stitching) Functions” 3.9.4, “Type 4 (PostScript Calculator) Functions” 3.10.2, “File Specification Dictionaries” 4.5.2, “Color Space Families” 4.5.5, “Special Color Spaces” (DeviceN Color Spaces) 4.5.5, “Special Color Spaces” (Multitone Examples) 4.6, “Patterns” 4.7, “External Objects” 4.8.4, “Image Dictionaries” 4.8.5, “Masked Images” 4.9.1, “Form Dictionaries” 4.9.3, “Reference XObjects 5.2.5, “Text Rendering Mode” 5.3.2, “Text-Showing Operators” 5.5.1, “Type 1 Fonts” 5.5.1, “Type 1 Fonts” (Standard Type 1 Fonts) 5.5.3, “Font Subsets” 5.5.4, “Type 3 Fonts” 5.6.4, “CMaps” 5.7, “Font Descriptors” 5.8, “Embedded Font Programs” 6.4.2, “Spot Functions” 6.5.4, “Automatic Stroke Adjustment” 7.5.2, “Specifying Blending Color Space and Blend Mode” 7.5.3, “Specifying Shape and Opacity” (Mask Shape and Opacity) 8.1, “Viewer Preferences” 8.2.2, “Document Outline” 8.3.1, “Page Labels” 8.4, “Annotations” 8.4.1, “Annotation Dictionaries” 8.4.2, “Annotation Flags” 8.4.3, “Border Styles” 8.4.4, “Appearance Streams” 8.4.5, “Annotation Types” 8.4.5, “Annotation Types” (Link Annotations) 8.4.5, “Annotation Types” (Text Markup Annotations) 8.4.5, “Annotation Types” (Ink Annotations) 8.5.2, “Trigger Events” 8.5.3, “Action Types” (Launch Actions) 8.5.3, “Action Types” (URI Actions) 8.5.3, “Action Types” (Sound Actions) 8.5.3, “Action Types” (Movie Actions) 8.5.3, “Action Types” (Hide Actions) 8.5.3, “Action Types” (Named Actions) 8.6.1, “Interactive Form Dictionary” 8.6.2, “Field Dictionaries” (Field Names) 8.6.2, “Field Dictionaries” (Variable Text) 8.6.2, “Field Dictionaries” (Rich Text Strings) 8.6.2, “Field Dictionaries” (Button Fields) 8.6.3, “Field Types” (Choice Fields) 8.6.4, “Form Actions” (Submit-Form Actions) 8.6.4, “Form Actions” (Import-Data Actions) 8.6.4, “Form Actions” (JavaScript Actions) 8.6.6, “Forms Data Format” (FDF Header) 8.6.6, “Forms Data Format” (FDF Catalog) 8.6.6, “Forms Data Format” (FDF Fields) 8.6.6, “Forms Data Format” (FDF Pages) 8.7, “Digital Signatures” 9.1, “Multimedia” 9.2, “Sounds” 9.3, “Movies” 9.4, “Alternate Presentations” 10.1, “Procedure Sets” 10.2, “Metadata” 10.2.2, “Metadata Streams” 10.3, “File Identifiers” 10.9.2, “Content Database” (Digital Identifiers) 10.9.3, “Content Sets” (Image Sets) 10.9.4, “Source Information” (URL Alias Dictionaries) 10.10.1, “Page Boundaries” 10.10.4, “Output Intents” 10.10.5, “Trapping Support” (Trap Network Annotations) 10.10.6, “Open Prepress Interface (OPI)” C.1, “General Implementation Limits” F.2.2, “Linearization Parameter Dictionary (Part 2)“ F.2.6, “First-Page Section (Part 6)” F.2.8, “Shared Objects (Part 8)” F.3.1, “Page Offset Hint Table” F.3.2, “Shared Object Hint Table” I Computation of Object Digests I.1 Basic Object Types I.2 Selective Computation I.2.1 Document I.2.2 Page Objects I.2.3 Named Pages I.2.4 Embedded Files I.2.5 Annotation Dictionaries I.2.6 Form Fields I.2.7 Actions I.2.8 Additional-Actions I.2.9 Page Template Verification Color Plates Plate 1 Additive and subtractive color (Section 4.5.3, “Device Color Spaces,” page 211) Plate 2 Uncalibrated color (Section 4.5.4, “CIE-Based Color Spaces,” page 214) Plate 3 Lab color space (“Lab Color Spaces,” page 220) Plate 4 Color gamuts (“Lab Color Spaces,” page 220) Plate 5 Rendering intents (“Rendering Intents,” page 230) Plate 6 Duotone image (“DeviceN Color Spaces,” page 238) Plate 7 Quadtone image (“DeviceN Color Spaces,” page 238) Plate 8 Colored tiling pattern (“Colored Tiling Patterns,” page 258) Plate 9 Uncolored tiling pattern (“Uncolored Tiling Patterns,” page 262) Plate 10 Axial shading (“Type 2 (Axial) Shadings,” page 273) Plate 11 Radial shadings depicting a cone (“Type 3 (Radial) Shadings,” page 275) Plate 12 Radial shadings depicting a sphere (“Type 3 (Radial) Shadings,” page 275) Plate 13 Radial shadings with extension (“Type 3 (Radial) Shadings,” page 276) Plate 14 Radial shading effect (“Type 3 (Radial) Shadings,” page 276) Plate 15 Coons patch mesh (“Type 6 Shadings (Coons Patch Meshes),” page 284) Plate 16 Transparency groups (Section 7.1, “Overview of Transparency,” page 475) Plate 17 Isolated and knockout groups (Sections 7.3.4, “Isolated Groups,” page 497 and 7.3.5, “Knockout Groups,” page 498) Plate 18 RGB blend modes (Section 7.2.4, “Blend Mode,” page 480) Plate 19 CMYK blend modes (Section 7.2.4, “Blend Mode,” page 480) Plate 20 Blending and overprinting (“Compatibility with Opaque Overprinting,” page 527) Colophon Bibliography Resources from Adobe Systems Incorporated Other Resources Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Colophon