AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN OECD C - OECD

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Table of Contents......Page 6 Executive summary......Page 12 Part I. Monitoring and Evaluation......Page 14 Table I.1. Macro-economic indicators for OECD countries......Page 15 International agricultural markets......Page 16 Structural developments......Page 17 Modifications to programmes to achieve structural change......Page 19 …and in response to emergencies......Page 20 Increase in food labelling requirements......Page 21 Decrease in export subsidies......Page 22 Some new bilateral trade agreements......Page 23 Box I.2. Operational criteria......Page 24 Box I.3. Definitions of the OECD indicators of support......Page 25 Overview......Page 26 Graph I.2. Producer support estimate by country......Page 27 Support and protection decreased on average, …......Page 28 Graph I.4. Consumer support estimate by country......Page 29 Graph I.5. Producer nominal protection coefficient by country......Page 30 Graph I.7. Producer support estimate per hectare, 1998-2000......Page 31 While payments based on past entitlements and overall income increased…......Page 32 … area/headage payments and support for using inputs declined, …......Page 33 … and policies increasingly address environmental concerns......Page 34 Support for general services to agriculture remains low relative to support to producers......Page 35 Overall support to OECD agriculture decreased, but remained significant......Page 36 Focus on transparency and coordination......Page 37 Box I.4. Key messages on food safety......Page 38 Different approaches to regulation of GM foods and feeds......Page 39 Emphasis on labelling and consumer choice......Page 40 Box I.6. New approaches to the regulation of GM foods and feeds......Page 41 Table I.3. Number of reported BSE cases by country......Page 42 Box I.7. What have been the impacts of policies on the environment?......Page 43 Economic instruments becoming more widespread…......Page 44 Market-led co-operative approaches gaining momentum…......Page 45 Income safety nets are important in Canada......Page 46 Private-public insurance partnerships can be costly......Page 47 Governments generally compensate for natural disaster damage......Page 48 The insurance effect......Page 49 Graph I.12. US wheat producers’ revenue distribution, 1988-2000......Page 50 The income and wealth effect......Page 51 The expectations effect......Page 52 Agricultural trade negotiations now underway......Page 53 Agricultural trade negotiations move to the second phase......Page 54 Notes......Page 55 Annex......Page 56 Annex Table I.1. Main agricultural indicators......Page 57 Annex Table I.2. Selected structural indicators......Page 59 Annex Table I.3. Selected agri-environmental indicators......Page 60 Part II. Background Information......Page 61 Main policy instruments......Page 62 Box II.1. Deregulation of Australian Dairy Industry......Page 63 Developments in domestic policies......Page 64 Overall evaluation......Page 66 Developments in domestic policies......Page 67 Overall evaluation......Page 69 Main policy instruments......Page 70 Table II.2. Czech Republic: Government procurement prices and quantities for bread-wheat......Page 71 Table II.4. Czech Republic: Area and headage payments......Page 72 Developments in trade policy......Page 73 Main policy instruments......Page 74 Table II.6. European Union: Selected institutional prices......Page 75 Table II.7. European Union: Area and headage payment rates......Page 77 Overall evaluation......Page 80 Austria......Page 81 Denmark......Page 82 France......Page 83 Germany......Page 84 Greece......Page 85 Italy......Page 86 The Netherlands......Page 87 Spain......Page 88 Table 1. ENESA Insurance Programmes in Spain......Page 89 United Kingdom......Page 90 Main policy instruments......Page 91 Developments in domestic policies......Page 92 Developments in trade policy......Page 93 Overall evaluation......Page 94 Table II.9. Iceland: Administered prices for milk......Page 95 Main policy instruments......Page 96 Table II.10. Japan: Administered prices for rice......Page 97 Table II.12. Japan: Administered prices for livestock products......Page 98 Developments in trade policy......Page 99 Main policy instruments......Page 100 Table II.14. Korea: Purchase prices and quantities of major cereals......Page 101 Table II.15. Korea: Consumption and price of beef and milk......Page 102 Developments in trade policy......Page 103 Main policy instruments......Page 104 Developments in domestic policies......Page 105 Table II.18. Mexico: PROCAMPO direct payments......Page 106 Table II.19. Mexico: Alliance for Agriculture......Page 0 Overall evaluation......Page 108 Developments in domestic policy......Page 109 Main policy instruments......Page 111 Table II.20. Norway: Administered prices......Page 112 Overall evaluation......Page 114 Main policy instruments......Page 115 Table II.21. Poland: Administered prices......Page 116 Developments in trade policy......Page 117 Overall evaluation......Page 118 Box II.3. Slovak Republic......Page 119 Main policy instruments......Page 120 Developments in domestic policies......Page 121 Table II.22. Switzerland: Budgetary payment rates......Page 122 Table II.23. Switzerland: Outlays for direct payments......Page 123 Overall evaluation......Page 124 Box II.4. The Agricultural Reform Implementation Project (ARIP)......Page 125 Developments in domestic policies......Page 126 Trade policy developments......Page 127 Overall evaluation......Page 128 Developments in domestic policies......Page 129 Table II.26. United States: Loan rates for crop years 1999 and 2000......Page 130 Trade policy developments......Page 132 Overall evaluation......Page 133 Recent developments in the WTO......Page 134 Panel reports, appeals, and requests for the establishment of a panel......Page 135 NAFTA dispute settlement procedures......Page 139 OECD Council at Ministerial Level, June2000......Page 140 Progress has been made in agricultural policy reform…......Page 141 ... and new challenges are emerging......Page 142 ... adopted a set of policy principles…......Page 143 OECD Council at Ministerial Level, May1987......Page 145 The1987 OECD Ministerial Principles for agricultural policy reform......Page 146 Classification and definitions......Page 148 Box II.5. Classification of policy measures included in the OECD indicators of support......Page 152 Classifying transfers to producers in the PSE......Page 151 Input subsidies in the PSE or transfers for infrastructure in the GSSE?......Page 154 Figure 1. Export commodities......Page 155 Figure 2. Import commodities......Page 156 What does the PSE/TSE cover?......Page 157 Calculating the MPS......Page 158 Comparing prices for the price gap......Page 159 PSE and TSE by country......Page 160 PSE and CSE by commodity......Page 161 Percentage PSE/CSE and Producer/Consumer NAC......Page 162 Producer/Consumer Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC)......Page 163 Do these indicators help to assess the need for, and progress in, policy reform?......Page 164 Method of policy evaluation......Page 165 “Market protection” and “market orientation”......Page 166 How are support indicators used to evaluate policy changes?......Page 167 Decomposition of PSE and CSE annual variations......Page 168 Definition of full-time farmer equivalent and agricultural land......Page 170 Notes......Page 171 Part III. Summary Tables on Estimates of Support to Agriculture......Page 174 Table III.1. OECD: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 175 Table III.2. OECD: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 176 Figure III.1. OECD: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 177 Table III.3. OECD: Producer Support Estimate by country......Page 178 Table III.4. OECD: Producer Support Estimate by commodity......Page 180 Table III.5. OECD: Producer Support Estimate per full-time farmer equivalent......Page 182 Table III.6. OECD: Producer Support Estimate per hectare of agricultural land......Page 183 Table III.7. OECD: Composition of Producer Support Estimate......Page 184 Table III.8. OECD: General Services Support Estimate by country......Page 187 Table III.9. OECD: Composition of General Services Support Estimate......Page 188 Table III.10. OECD: Consumer Support Estimate by country......Page 190 Table III.11. OECD: Consumer Support Estimate by commodity......Page 192 Table III.12. OECD: Total Support Estimate by country......Page 194 Table III.13. OECD: Total Support Estimate per capita......Page 195 Table III.14. Australia: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 196 Table III.15. Australia: Main indicators by commodity......Page 197 Figure III.2. Australia: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 199 Table III.16. Canada: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 200 Table III.17. Canada: Main indicators by commodity......Page 201 Figure III.3. Canada: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 203 Table III.18. Czech Republic: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 204 Table III.19. Czech Republic: Main indicators by commodity......Page 205 Figure III.4. Czech Republic: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 207 Table III.20. European Union: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 208 Table III.21. European Union: Main indicators by commodity......Page 209 Figure III.5. European Union: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 211 Table III.22. Hungary: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 212 Table III.23. Hungary: Main indicators by commodity......Page 213 Figure III.6. Hungary: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 215 Table III.24. Iceland: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 216 Table III.25. Iceland: Main indicators by commodity......Page 217 Figure III.7. Iceland: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 219 Table III.26. Japan: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 220 Table III.27. Japan: Main indicators by commodity......Page 221 Figure III.8. Japan: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 223 Table III.28. Korea: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 224 Table III.29. Korea: Main indicators by commodity......Page 225 Figure III.9. Korea: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 227 Table III.30. Mexico: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 228 Table III.31. Mexico: Main indicators by commodity......Page 229 Figure III.10. Mexico: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 231 Table III.32. New Zealand: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 232 Table III.33. New Zealand: Main indicators by commodity......Page 233 Figure III.11. New Zealand: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 235 Table III.34. Norway: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 236 Table III.35. Norway: Main indicators by commodity......Page 237 Figure III.12. Norway: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 239 Table III.36. Poland: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 240 Table III.37. Poland: Main indicators by commodity......Page 241 Figure III.13. Poland: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 243 Table III.38. Slovakia: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 244 Table III.39. Slovakia: Main indicators by commodity......Page 245 Figure III.14. Slovakia: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 247 Table III.40. Switzerland: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 248 Table III.41. Switzerland: Main indicators by commodity......Page 249 Figure III.15. Switzerland: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 251 Table III.42. Turkey: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 252 Table III.43. Turkey: Main indicators by commodity......Page 253 Figure III.16. Turkey: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 255 Table III.44. United States: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 256 Table III.45. United States: Main indicators by commodity......Page 257 Figure III.17. United States: Decomposition of PSE and CSE changes, 1999 to 2000......Page 259 Glossary of Agricultural Policy Terms......Page 260