Healthy Urbanism: Designing and Planning Equitable, Sustainable and Inclusive Places

Description

The globally distributed health impacts of environmental degradation and widening inequalities require a fundamental shift in understandings of healthy urbanism. This book redefines the meaning and form of healthy urban environments, urging planners and design professionals to consider how their work impacts population health and wellbeing at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The concepts of equity, inclusion and sustainability are central to this framing, reversing the traditional focus on individuals, their genes and ‘lifestyle choices’ to one of structural factors that affect health. Integrating theory and concepts from social epidemiology, sustainable development and systems thinking with practical case studies, this book will be of value for students and practitioners. Acknowledgements Contents List of Figures List of Tables List if Boxes Chapter 1: Introducing Healthy Urbanism 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Towards Healthy Urbanism 1.1.2 Aims and Scope of the Book 1.2 Models of Health and Wellbeing 1.2.1 Defining the State of Health 1.2.2 Defining Wellbeing 1.2.3 Competing Models of Public Health 1.3 Global Population Trends 1.3.1 Urbanisation Natural Population Changes Migration Reclassification of Land 1.3.2 Population Ageing 1.3.3 Poverty and Inequity 1.3.4 Changing Patterns of Disease Non-communicable Diseases Communicable Diseases Injuries 1.4 Cities and Health 1.4.1 Urban Context as Exposure 1.4.2 Causes of Environmental Degradation 1.4.3 Governance Institutions 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Shifting Priorities for Healthy Places 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Health in Ancient Cities and Infrastructure 2.3 Social Reform, Sanitarians and the Rise of Public Health and Planning 2.4 Twentieth-Century Ideas for Healthy Communities 2.4.1 High-Rise Housing for Health 2.4.2 Urban Sprawl to ‘15-Minute Cities’ 2.5 Mobilising Non-health Sectors 2.5.1 The WHO Healthy Cities Movement 2.5.2 Health in the New Urban Agenda 2.5.3 Urban Health Governance 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter 3: A Framework for Healthy Urbanism 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Conceptualising Health Impacts of Urban Development 3.2.1 Logic or Causal Chain Models 3.2.2 Nested Circles and Multi-nodal Models 3.2.3 Development of a New Healthy Urbanism Framework 3.3 Reframing Healthy Urbanism in Response to New Knowledge 3.3.1 Structural Barriers to Health 3.3.2 Urgency of Environmental Breakdown 3.3.3 Under-represented Groups and Urban Development 3.4 Systems Thinking for Urban Health 3.5 Interpreting the THRIVES Framework 3.5.1 Three Core Principles: Inclusion, Equity and Sustainability 3.5.2 Three Scales of Health Impact: Planetary, Ecosystem and Human 3.6 Understanding the Epidemiological Evidence Base 3.6.1 Components of Epidemiological Studies 3.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Epidemiological Study Designs 3.6.3 Study Appraisal Techniques 3.6.4 Measuring the Impact of Healthy Place-Making 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Planetary Health 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Achieving Planetary Health Framework Goals 4.2.1 Zero Carbon 4.2.2 Biodiversity 4.2.3 Resource Efficiency 4.3 Monitoring Indicators for Planetary Health 4.4 Bullitt Center: A Deep Green Building for Planetary Health 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Ecosystem Health 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Achieving Ecosystem Health Framework Goals 5.2.1 Air Quality 5.2.2 Water Quality 5.2.3 Soil Quality 5.2.4 Greenspace 5.2.5 Sanitation 5.2.6 Waste 5.2.7 Mobility Infrastructure 5.3 Monitoring Indicators for Ecosystem Health 5.4 Inclusive Processes for Health in the Vila Viva Programme 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Local Health: Neighbourhood Scale 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Physical Activity Through Neighbourhood Design 6.1.2 Social Interaction Through Neighbourhood Design 6.2 Achieving Local Health Framework Goals in Neighbourhoods 6.2.1 Services 6.2.2 (Perceived) Safety 6.2.3 Culture 6.2.4 Public Space 6.2.5 Food 6.3 Monitoring Indicators for Local Health at the Neighbourhood Scale 6.4 Thinking Beyond the Boundaries at Barton Park 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Local Health: Building Scale 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Achieving Local Health Framework Goals Through Buildings 7.2.1 Acoustic Comfort 7.2.2 Thermal Comfort 7.2.3 Affordability 7.2.4 Tenure Security 7.2.5 Lighting 7.2.6 Space 7.3 Monitoring Indicators for Local Health at the Building Scale 7.4 Using Sustainable Design for Health in Nightingale Housing 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Practising Healthy Urbanism 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Systems Thinking and Urban Governance for Health 8.2 Policy-Making for Healthy Urbanism 8.2.1 Health Impact Assessment 8.2.2 Healthy Built Environment Standards 8.3 Incorporating Community Knowledge of Health and Place 8.4 Funding Healthy Place-Making 8.4.1 The Business Case for Healthy Property Development 8.4.2 Development Viability and Planning Gain 8.4.3 Economic Decision-Support Tools 8.4.4 Risks of Relying on a Business Case for Health 8.5 Models for Healthy Development 8.5.1 Outcome-Driven Developers 8.5.2 Community-Led Urban Change 8.5.3 Pilot and Demonstration Projects 8.6 Monitoring and Evaluation 8.6.1 Urban Health Indicators in Policy Processes 8.6.2 Monitoring Development Projects 8.7 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Looking to the Future 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Disaster Recovery and Prevention 9.3 Incremental to Transformative Change 9.4 Framing Healthy Urbanism to Empower Practitioners 9.5 Smart Cities and Health 9.6 Conclusion References References Index