The Soils of Brazil

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328612_1_En_OFC 328612_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF Foreword Preface Contents 328612_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF 1 A Brief History of Brazilian Soil Science Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Pre-history and the Native Indian’s Legacy 1.3 Soils as Described After the Pre-Colombian Contact 1.3.1 The Portuguese Conquistadores 1.3.2 The Colonial Period: Brazilian Soils Are Cultivated for Profit with no Environmental or Social Concern 1.3.3 The Travels of Rodrigues Ferreira in the Amazon: A Brazilian Scientific Masterpiece Before Humboldt’s Travels 1.3.4 The Great Journey of Martius and Spix (Between 1817 and 1820)—Soil Observers 1.3.5 The German Baron de Eschwege and His “Pluto Brasiliensis” 1.3.6 Saint-Hilaire and an “Intuitive Pedology” 1.3.7 Pre-pedology of the Imperial Phase (Burton, Hartt, Teodoro Sampaio, Costa Sena) 1.4 Foundation of Research Institutes and Schools 1.5 The Brazilian Soil Science Society (SBCS) 1.6 A National Soil Classification System (SiBCS) 1.7 Final remarks Appendix 1 References 328612_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF 2 The Making of Brazilian Soilscapes: A Geosystemic Vista on Neotropical Pedology Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Geology, Landform, and Soils: A Brazilian Synthesis 2.3 Cratons: The Oldest, Stable Continental Crusts 2.3.1 The Amazon Craton (AC) 2.3.2 São Francisco Craton (SFC) 2.4 Mobile Belts: Mountains and Hills on Folded and Faulted Terrains 2.4.1 Atlantic Mobile Belt 2.4.2 Brasília-Tocantins Mobile Belt 2.4.3 Northeast Mobile Belt 2.5 Paleozoic Sedimentary Basins: Old Horizontally Bedded Marine Basins 2.5.1 Amazon Basin 2.5.2 Paraná Basin 2.5.3 Parnaíba Basin (PBB) 2.6 Meso-Cenozoic Sedimentary Basins: Tectonic Features of the Last 250 MA Following the South Atlantic Opening and Landmass Continentalization 2.6.1 The Brazilian Relief: A Cenozoic Heritage After the Opening of the South Atlantic 2.6.2 The Cretaceous Cover: Vast Sandstone Sedimentary Continental Deposits Contemporary to the Brazil–Africa Break-Up 2.6.3 The Cenozoic: Deep Saprolites and the Barreiras Group 2.7 Pedodiversity and The Structural Provinces 2.8 Quaternary: Climate Changes and Soil Paleoclimate Legacies 2.8.1 Paleo-Latossolos and Paleoenvironments 2.8.2 Soils with Humic Horizons 2.8.3 Latossolos (Ferralsols) from the Tablelands of Semi-arid Northeastern 2.8.4 Gleissolos (Gleysols) and Organossolos (Histosols) in Well-Drained Areas 2.8.5 Goethization (Yellowing or Xanthization) of Surface Soils 2.8.6 Soil Polychromy: Soils with Two or More Colors in a Single Layer 2.8.7 Cangas—Plinthites and Petroplinthites: Fossil Pleistocene Soils 2.8.8 Relict Na-Affected Soils in Wet Areas 2.8.9 Soils with Evidences of Carbonates Removal and Petrocalcic Horizon Degradation 2.9 Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Brazil 2.10 Final Remarks Appendix 1 References 328612_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF 3 The Soil Regions: A Framework for Stratifying the Brazilian Soilscapes Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Brazilian Amazonia 3.3 The Cerrado Central Plateau 3.4 The Semiarid Soils of Caatinga at Northeastern Brazil 3.5 The Atlantic Forest Soils 3.6 Soils of the Coastal Tablelands 3.7 Soils of Pantanal: The Largest Continental Wetland in the Tropics 3.8 Subtropical Soils of the Southern Araucarias Highland Plateau 3.9 Temperate Soils of the Pampa Gaúcho: The Prairies of Southern Brazil 3.10 The Campos Rupestres: Rocky Landscapes at Old Brazilian Mountains 3.11 The Unique Soils of the Brazilian Volcanic Islands 3.12 The Restingas: Quaternary Sandy Coastal Pedoenvironents 3.13 Mangroves Along the Brazilian Coast Reference 328612_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF 4 Soils from Brazilian Amazonia Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Well-Drained Lands of the Middle and Low Amazon River and Tributaries 4.2.1 The Indian Black Earths: Dispersed Fragments of Rich Anthropogenic Soils in the Amazon Valley 4.3 Holocene Floodplains of Rich White Water Rivers: Purus, Juruá, and Amazonas 4.4 Rio Negro: The Black River Basin with Sandy Soils 4.5 Upper Amazonas—Solimões Basin 4.6 Acre Sedimentary Basin 4.7 Islands of Savanna (Roraima, Amapá, Tiriós, Humaitá, and Monte Alegre) 4.8 Highlands of Roraima 4.9 Dissected Plateau on Crystalline Rocks 4.10 Highlands of Rondônia 4.11 Carajás Region and Southeastern Amazon 4.12 The Amazon Coastal Areas and Marajó Island 4.13 Synthesis of the Amazonian Soils References 328612_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF 5 Soils of Cerrados, the Brazilian Savannas Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Cerrado Domain and Its Environment 5.2.1 Climate 5.2.2 Geology and Landforms 5.2.3 Vegetation and Physiognomies 5.2.4 The Factors of Cerrado Formation and Landscape Evolution 5.2.5 Soils 5.2.5.1 Main Factors Limiting Plant Development 5.2.6 Soil Classes 5.2.6.1 Latossolos (Ferralsols) 5.2.6.2 Argissolos (Acrisols, Lixisols, Alisols) 5.2.6.3 Cambissolos (Cambisols) 5.2.6.4 Neossolos (Fluvisols, Leptosols, Arenosols, Regosols) 5.2.6.5 Plintossolos (Plinthosols) 5.2.6.6 Gleissolos (Gleysols, Stagnosols) 5.2.6.7 Organossolos (Histosols) 5.2.6.8 Chernossolos (Phaeozems, Kastanozems, Chernozems) 5.3 Land Use Aspects References 328612_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF 6 Semi-arid Soils of the Caatinga Biome of Northeastern Brazil Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Soils 6.3 General Soil-Landscape Relationships 6.4 Final Remarks References 328612_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF 7 Soils from the Atlantic Forest Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Vegetation 7.1.2 Climate 7.1.3 Geology 7.1.4 Landforms 7.1.5 General Pedology 7.1.6 Brief Land Use History 7.2 General View on Soils of the Atlantic Forest (North to South) 7.2.1 Southern Bahia—Vitória Da Conquista to Ilhéus 7.2.2 Sea-of-Hills of the Mantiqueiras and Rio Doce Basin: The Atlantic Forest Devastated by Coffee Plantation 7.2.2.1 The Mantiqueira Highlands 7.2.2.2 Lowland Plateau 7.2.3 The Highest Mountains of the Atlantic Forest, on Granulitic Rocks 7.2.4 The Seasonal Sectors of the Atlantic Forest: The Mid-Paraíba do Sul Tectonic Valley 7.2.5 The Serra do Mar Granitic/gneiss Mountains: Eroded Soils of Steep Slopes 7.2.6 Atlantic Forest Soils at the Western Transition with Cerrado: The Gentle Dissected Plateau of São Paulo 7.2.7 Islands of Unusual Soils Within the Atlantic Forest Biome 7.3 Final Remarks References 328612_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF 8 Soils of the Coastal Tablelands Under Atlantic Forest (Tabuleiros Costeiros) Abstract 8.1 Coastal Tablelands 8.2 The Barreiras Group: The Most Extensive Continental Deposit in the Brazilian Coastal Environment 8.3 Soil Cohesion 8.4 The Espodossolo (Podzols) with Cemented Layers on Sandy Depressions 8.5 Main Soils of Coastal Tablelands 8.6 Latossolo Amarelo (Ferralsols) 8.7 Argissolo Amarelo (Acrisols) 8.8 Espodossolo (Podzols) 8.9 Other Soils: Neossolo Quartzarênico (Arenosols) and Argissolo Acinzentado (Acrisols) 8.10 Plintossolo (Plinthosols) 8.11 Final Remarks References 328612_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF 9 Soils of Pantanal: The Largest Continental Wetland Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Limits of Pantanal Biome 9.3 The Origin and Evolution of Pantanal Depression 9.4 Environmental Characterization 9.4.1 Geology and Landforms 9.4.2 Vegetation 9.4.3 Land Use 9.4.4 Climate and Hydrological Regime 9.5 Pantanal Soils: Diverse, Unique 9.5.1 The Physical Nature 9.5.2 Wetland Soils: Water Saturation and Redoximorphic Features 9.6 Pedogenetic Processes in Pantanal Soils 9.6.1 Paludization 9.6.2 Gleying and Laterization 9.6.3 Salinization and Solodization 9.6.4 Argiluviation and Podzolization 9.7 Distribution of the Main Classes of Soils 9.7.1 The Soils of Northern Pantanal 9.7.2 Soils of Middle Pantanal 9.7.3 The Soils of the Southern Pantanal 9.8 Final Remarks References 328612_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF 10 Soils of the Southern Araucaria Highlands Abstract 10.1 The Araucaria Highland Plateau 10.2 The Mixed Ombrophilous Forest 10.3 Natural History of the Araucaria Forest 10.3.1 Araucaria angustifolia 10.4 Geology of the Araucaria Plateau 10.5 Climate of the Araucaria Plateau 10.6 Soils of the Araucaria Highland Plateau 10.7 Rio Grande do Sul 10.8 Latossolos Vermelhos 10.9 Latossolos Brunos 10.10 Nitossolos Vermelhos 10.11 Cambissolos Húmicos e Hísticos 10.12 Neossolos Litólicos 10.13 Argissolos Bruno Acizentados 10.14 Santa Catarina State 10.15 Soils on Volcanic Rocks of Serra Geral Formation 10.16 Soil of the Highland Plateaux (São Joaquim, Curitibanos) 10.17 Soils of the Campo Erê Plateau 10.18 Soils on Sedimentary Rocks 10.19 Paraná State 10.20 First Plateau 10.21 Second Plateau 10.22 Third Plateau 10.23 The Mineralogy of the Soils of Araucaria Plateau References 328612_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF 11 Soils of Pampa Gaúcho, the Mixed Prairies of Southern Brazil Abstract 11.1 Historical Background of the Pampas 11.2 Natural Grasslands and Fields in the Rio Grande Landscape 11.3 Pampas, Campanha, Pradarias (Praires): Biome or Domain? 11.4 General Characterization of the Southern Mixed Prairies Region 11.5 Climate 11.6 Geology and Geomorphology 11.7 Vegetation 11.8 Pampas as a Polycyclic Landscape: Coexistence of Grass Fields and Ombrophilous Forest 11.9 Overview on the Soils of the Mixed Prairies (Pampas) of Southern Brazil 11.10 Soils of the Uruguaiana Plateau 11.11 Soils from the Coxilha de Santana Sector 11.12 Neossolos Litólicos (Lithic Leptosols) Chernossólicos (Chernic) and Carbonáticos (Carbonatic), and Neossolos Regolíticos Eutrófico Léptico (Leptic Eutric Regosols) 11.13 Vertissolos Ebânicos Órticos (Vertisols) and Vertissolos Ebânicos Órticos Carbonáticos (Vertisols (Carbonatic)) 11.14 Chernossolos (Chernozems): Ebânico Carbonático (Carbonatic) or Órtico Vertissoólico (Vertic) 11.15 Planossolos Háplicos Eutróficos Solódicos (Eutric Planosols) 11.16 Soils from the Itaqui and São Borja Sectors 11.17 The Itaqui Sector (Coxilha do Maçambará) 11.18 Plintossolos Argilúvicos (Plinthosols (argic)) Eutrófico (Eutric), Alumínico and Álico (Alic) 11.19 Luvissolos Háplicos (Luvisols) Plíntico (Plinthic) and Típico (Haplic) 11.20 Other Soils from the Itaqui Sector 11.21 Soils from the São Borja Sector (Coxilha do Espinilho) 11.22 Neossolos Litólicos Eutróficos (Eutric Lithic Neosols) 11.23 Soils of the Ibicuí-Rio Negro River Depression 11.24 Soils from the Santana do Livramento,–Alegrete – Manuel Viana–São Francisco de Assis Sector 11.25 Latossolos Vermelhos Distróficos Típicos Textura Média (Haplic Dystric Ferralsol (Arenic)) 11.25.1 Neossolos Quartzarênicos Órtico (Arenosol) 11.26 Argissolos Vermelhos Distrófico (Acrisol) Arênico (Arenic) and Abrúptico (Abruptic) 11.27 Soils from the Cacequi, São Pedro do Sul and Rosário do Sul Sector 11.27.1 Argissolos Vermelhos Distróficos (Acrisol) and Argissolos Vermelhos Distróficos Alumínicos (Alisol), Arênico (Arenic) and Abrúptico (Abruptic) 11.28 Argissolo Bruno-Acinzentado (Alisols (Umbric)) 11.29 Luvissolo Háplico Pálico and Luvissolo Háplico Órtico (Haplic Luvisols) 11.30 Plintossolo Argilúvico (Dystric Plinthosols (Argic)) and Plintossolo Argilúvico Alumínico (Dystric Plinthosols (Alic)) 11.31 Planossolos Háplicos Eutróficos Gleissólicos (Eutric Planosols (Gleyic)) 11.32 Gleissolo Háplico Distrófico (Dystric Gleysols), and Gleissolo Háplico Eutrófico (Eutric Gleysols) 11.33 Soils from the São Gabriel—Dom Pedrito–Bagé—Aceguá Sector 11.34 Luvissolos Crômicos (Cromic Luvisol) and Luvissolos Háplicos (Haplic Luvisols) 11.35 Chernossolos Ebânicos Òrtico Vertissólico (Haplic Chernozem (Umbric, Vertic)) and Chernossolos Ebânicos Carbonático Vertissólico (Chernozem (Umbric, Carbonatic, Vertic)) 11.36 Chernossolo Argilúvico Órtico (Haplic Chernozem (Argic)) and Chernossolo Argilúvico Carbonático (Haplic Chernozem (Carbonatic)) 11.37 Vertissolos Ebânicos Órtico Chernossólico (Haplic Vertisol (Umbric, Chernic)) and Vertissolos Ebânicos Carbonáticos Chernossólico (Vertisol (Umbric, Carbonatic, Chernic)) 11.38 Planossolos Háplicos Vertissólico (Haplic Vertisol (Vertic)) and Planossolo Háplico Gleissólico (Haplic Vertisol (Gleyic)) 11.38.1 Final Remarks References 328612_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF 12 Soils of Campos Rupestres (Rupestrian Grasslands) of the Old Brazilian Mountain Ranges Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Soils Associated with Rupestrian Grasslands Complexes 12.2.1 Ibitipoca State Park and Serra do Cipó National Park—Proterozoic Quartzites and Old Mountains 12.2.2 Roraima Table Mountain: The Tepuis of North Amazonia 12.2.3 The Endemic Rupestrian Grasslands on Ironstone in the Iron Quadrangle (Quadrilátero Ferrífero) 12.2.3.1 Serra do Gandarela National Park 12.2.4 The Highland Fields of Itatiaia: The Brazilian Rupestrian Paramos 12.3 Final Remarks References 328612_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF 13 Soils of the Brazilian Volcanic Islands Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Its Soils 13.3 The Trindade Island and Its Soils 13.4 The Abrolhos Archipelago and Its Soils 13.5 The Archipelago of São Pedro e São Paulo and Its Soils 13.6 Ornithogenic Soils and Phosphatization in Brazilian Oceanic Islands 13.7 Final Remarks References 328612_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF 14 Soils of Restingas Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Restingas 14.2.1 Geology, Geomorphology, and Vegetation of the Restinga Ecosystem 14.2.2 Soils of the Restinga Ecosystem 14.2.3 Podzols from the Restinga Ecosystem 14.2.4 Variations in Podzol Morphology 14.2.5 Micromorphology of B-Horizons of Restinga Podzols 14.2.6 Changes in Podzol Morphology Due to Changes in Drainage 14.2.7 Molecular Composition of SOM in Restinga Podzols 14.2.8 Formation of Ichnofossils 14.2.9 Other Soils from the Restingas Acknowledgements References 328612_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF 15 Mangroves Along the Brazilian Coast Abstract 15.1 Mangrove Ecosystems 15.2 Historical Perspective, Evolution, and Classification of Mangrove Soils 15.3 Biogeochemistry and Specific Soil-Forming Processes 15.4 Soil Formation Factors Influencing Pedogenesis of Brazilian Mangrove Soils 15.4.1 Climate 15.4.2 Relief (Coastal Environmental Setting, Microrelief, and Physiographic Positions) 15.4.3 Organisms (Plants and Crabs) 15.4.4 Parent Material 15.4.5 Time 15.4.6 The Sixth Factor of Soil Formation: Humans 15.5 Final Remarks Acknowledgements References 328612_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF 16 The Future of Brazilian Pedology: Pedometrics and Advanced Methods for Soil Survey Abstract 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Limiting Factors for Soil Surveys and of Conventional Approaches 16.3 Challenges and Opportunities for a New Soil Survey Scenario 16.4 Pedometrics: A New Paradigm for Improving Soil Survey 16.5 Pedological Data for the Application of Pedometrics in Brazil 16.6 Advances in Remote and Proximal Sensing, and Pedological Applications 16.7 Brazilian Contributions to DSM 16.8 PronaSolos and the Potential of Pedometrics in Brazil 16.9 Conclusions References 328612_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF 17 Technosols and Anthrosols in Brazil: A Brief Account Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Anthrosols from Caves and Rock Shelters 17.2.1 Chemical and Physical Attributes 17.2.1.1 Phosphorus Fractionation 17.2.1.2 Total Digestion Analysis 17.2.2 Micromorphological Features 17.3 Archaeoanthrosol on Shell-Mound (Sambaquis) 17.4 Technosols 17.4.1 The Fundão Dam Tailings Deposits: Emblematic Technosols 17.4.2 Temporal Analysis of Chemical and Physical Attributes 17.4.3 Mineralogy 17.4.4 Final Remarks: Technosols on Fe-Rich Tailings 17.5 Technosols on Bauxite on Mine Sterile and Tailings: A Pathway for Rehabilitation 17.5.1 Current Tailings Disposal Method 17.5.2 Nature of the Material in the Backfill of the Pits 17.5.3 The First Technosols Studied on Bauxite Mining Plants 17.5.4 Backfill, Rehabilitation, and Restoration 17.5.5 Management of Sterile Soil for Backfill 17.5.6 Sterile Co-Disposition on Tailings: Pedo-Hydrological Considerations 17.5.7 In Situ Technosols: Experimental Monitoring 17.5.8 Legacy Data from Technosols on Sterile and Tailings: Pathway to Restoration 17.5.9 Technosols Legacy Data: Long-Term Recovery Analysis of Low Footprint 17.5.10 Acidity 17.5.11 Exchangeable Aluminium 17.5.12 Potential Acidity 17.5.13 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 17.5.14 Micronutrients 17.5.15 Bioavailable Phosphorus 17.5.16 Soil Organic Matter 17.5.17 Final Remarks: Technosols on Bauxite Tailings 17.6 Urban Soils in Brazil: A Brief Account References 328612_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF 18 Insights into Brazilian Soils and Sustainable Agriculture Scenarios Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The Use of Fertilizers in Brazil 18.3 Pastures: Most Degraded, Little Well-Managed 18.4 Management of Nutrients in Brazil 18.4.1 Liming and CaSO4 Addition 18.4.2 Nitrogen Fertilizers 18.4.3 Phosphate Fertilizers 18.4.4 Potassium Fertilizers 18.4.5 Fertilizers with Micronutrients 18.4.6 Organic and Organomineral Fertilizers 18.5 Biological N2 Fixation and Associations with Mycorrhizal Fungi 18.6 Use of Organic Wastes 18.7 Use of Crushed Rocks 18.8 Promising Legacy: Improved Soil Fertility Status in the Brazilian Cerrado Under Technified Management 18.9 Potential Mitigation of Greenhouse Effect by Soil Management and Environmental Conservation Issues 18.10 The Last Soil Frontier in Brazil: The Sandy Domain of Neossolos Quartzarênicos 18.11 Final Remarks References 328612_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF Index