Alkaliphiles

Description

One of the most fascinating aspects of alkaliphiles is their ability to maintain pH homeostasis under extreme environmental conditions. This work provides a treatment of alkaliphilic microbiology, supported by molecular studies on the genetics of alkaliphilic "Bacillus" strain. Genomic analysis of "Bacillus halodurans" C-125 has been started and the genes responsible for alkaliphily are described. In addition to a basic background of alkaliphiles, including discussions of cell structures, physiology and molecular biology, "Alkaliphiles" presents an analysis of extracellular enzymes. Research on numerous enzymes including alkaline proteases, starch-degrading enzymes, cellulases, mannan-degrading enzymes, and many others is described in depth with relevant industrial applications. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Preface Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Definition of Alkaliphilic Organisms 1.2: Early Studies on Alkaliphiles Chapter 2: Isolation, Distribution and Taxonomy of Alkaliphilic Microorganisms 2.1: Isolation and Distribution of Alkaliphiles 2.2: Cultivation and Preservation of Alkaliphiles 2.2.1: Cultivation Conditions 2.2.2: Preservation 2.3: Morphological, Cultural and Biochemical Properties of Alkaliphiles 2.3.1: Gram-positive Bacteria 2.3.2: Gram-negative Bacteria 2.3.3: Yeasts and Fungi 2.3.4: Alkaliphiles Showing Other Properties Chapter 3: Cell Structure 3.1: Flagella 3.1.1: Flagella Formation and Flagellin 3.1.2: Flagellar Motor 3.1.3: Inhibitors for Flagellar Motors 3.1.4: Comparative Studies 3.1.5: Flagella of Other Alkaliphiles 3.2: Cell Walls 3.2.1: Cell Walls of Neutrophilic Bacteria 3.2.2: Cell Walls of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 3.2.3: Lipids Chapter 4: Physiology 4.1: Growth Conditions 4.1.1: Hydrogen Ion 4.1.2: Sodium Ion 4.1.3: Temperature and Nutrition 4.1.4: Haloalkaliphiles 4.1.5: Anaerobic Alkaliphiles 4.2: Bioenergetics 4.2.1: Mechanisms Regulating Intracellular pH 4.2.2: Active Transport 4.2.3: ATPase and ATP Synthesis 4.2.4: Respiration 4.3: Intracellular Enzymes 4.3.1: α-Galactosidases 4.3.2: ß-Galactosidases 4.3.3: D-Xylose lsomerase 4.3.4: Dehydrogenases 4.3.5: Restriction Enzymes 4.3.6: RNA Polymerases 4.3.7: Protein Synthesizing System 4.4: Polyamines 4.4.1: Polyamines 4.4.2: Polyamine Oxidases Chapter 5: Molecular Biology 5.1: Alkaliphilic Microorganisms as DNA Sources 5.1.1: Secretion Vector 5.1.2: Promoters 5.2: Host-Vector Systems of Alkaliphiles 5.2.1: Selection of Host Strains 5.2.2: Stability of Antibiotics in Horikoshi-I Medium 5.2.3: Preparation of Mutants 5.2.4: Preparation of StabIe Protoplasts, Transformation and Regeneration 5.2.5: Cell Fusion of Alkaliphiles 5.2.6: Selection of Vectors 5.2.7: Summary and Conclusion 5.3: Leucine Gene of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains Chapter 6: Alkaliphily 6.1: Alkaliphily of Bacillus sp. C-125 6.1.1: Physical Map of Chromosomal DNA 6.1.2: Alkaliphily and Cell Surface 6.2: Alkaliphily of Bacillus firmus OF4 Chapter 7: Extracellular Enzymes 7.1: Isolation Procedures for Alkaline Enzymes 7.1.1: Protease Activity 7.1.2: Amylase Activity 7.1.3: Cellulase Activity 7.1.4: ß-1,3-Glucanase 7.2: Alkaline Proteases 7.2.1: Alkaline Protease of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.2.2: Alkaline Protease of Other Alkaliphiles 7.2.3: Cloning of Alkaline Protease 7.2.4: Industrial Applications 7.3: Starch-degrading Enzymes 7.3.1: Amylases 7.3.2: CGTases 7.3.3: G6-forming Enzyme 7.3.4: Pullulanases 7.4: Cellulases of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.4.1: Cellulases of Bacillus sp. No. N-4 7.4.2: A Cellulase from Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. No. 1139 7.4.3: Alkaline Cellulases for Laundry Detergent 7.4.4: Industrial Applications of Alkaline Cellulases 7.5: Xylanases 7.5.1: Xylanases of Mesophilic Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.5.2: Alkaline Xylanases from Thermophilic Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.5.3: Xylanases of Other Alkaliphiles 7.5.4: Genetics of Alkaline Xylanases 7.5.5: Applications 7.6: Mannan-degrading Enzymes 7.6.1: Isolation and Properties of Mannan-degrading Microorganisms 7.6.2: Purification of, ß-Mannanase and lts Properties 7.6.3: ß-Mannosidase 7.6.4: Molecular Cloning of Mannan-degrading Enzymes 7.6.5: Properties of a Mannanase Produced by E. coli JM101 Carrying pMAH3 7.6.6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Mannanase Gene 7.6.7: Applications 7.7: ß-1,3-Glucanase 7.7.1: ß-1,3-Glucanases as Lytic Enzymes 7.7.2: ß-1,3-Glucanase of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 7.8: α-Glucosidases 7.8.1: Isolation and Purification of α-Glucosidases 7.8.2: Isolation of Bacillus sp. No. F5 Enzyrne and Cloning of the Enzyrne Gene 7.9: Lipases 7.9.1: Alkaline Lipases 7.9.2: Industrial Application 7.10: Pectinases 7.10.1: Bacillus sp. No. P-4-N Polygalacturonase 7.10.2: Bacillus sp. No. RK9 Polygalacturonate Lyase 7.10.3: Industrial Applications 7.11: Catalase 7.12: ß-Lactamase 7.12.1: Isolation of an Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strain Producing ß-Lactamase 7.12.2: Purification of ß-Lactamases 7.12.3: Cloning of ß-Lactamase Genes 7.13: Other Enzymes 7.13.1: CD-degrading Enzyme 7.13.2: Galactan-degrading Enzyme 7.13.3: Maltobionate α-D-Glucohydrolase 7.13.4: Extracellular Production of Alkaline Phosphatase, 5'-Nucleotidase and Phosphodiesterase 7.13.5: Chitinase Chapter 8: Applications of Alkaliphiles 8.1: Indigo Fermentation 8.2: Lignin or Lignocellulose Degradation 8.3: Production of 2-Phenylamine 8.4: Carotenoid of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains 8.5: Siderophore-producing Alkaliphile 8.6: Oxidation of Cholic Acid by a Bacillus Strain 8.7: Organic Acids Produced by Alkaliphilic Bacilli 8.8: Antibiotics 8.8.1: Compounds Produced by Paecilomyces lilacinus 8.8.2: Producion of Phenazine Antibiotics by Nocardiopsis Strain 8.9: Degradation of Chlorinated Compounds References Addendum Index