Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Description

This book is intended to be a textbook for undergraduate students studying electrical and electronic engineering in universities and colleges. Therefore, the level and amount of the knowledge to be transferred to the reader is kept to as much as what can be taught in one academic semester of a university or a college course. Although the subject is rather classical and somehow well established in some respects, it is vast and can be difficult to grasp if unnecessary details are not avoided. This book is aimed to give the reader just what is necessary - with plenty of short and easily understandable examples and drawings, figures, and tables. A course on electromechanical energy conversion is a necessity in all universities and colleges entitled to grant a license for electrical engineering. This book is aimed at meeting the requirements of this essential subject by providing necessary information to complete the course. A compact chapter is included with figures and tables on energy and the restraints on its production brought about by global climate change. A new approach has been tried for some of the classic subjects including magnetic circuits and electrical machines together with today’s much-used motors.   Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Introduction Author Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Energy, Power and Electrical Power Systems 1.1 Physical Foundations of Energy and Power 1.1.1 Energy 1.1.1.1 Potential Energy 1.1.1.2 Kinetic Energy 1.1.1.3 Nuclear Energy 1.1.2 Power 1.1.3 Torque 1.2 Energy Conversion and Quality of Energy 1.3 Electrical Power Systems 1.3.1 Voltage Levels in Electrical Power Systems 1.3.2 National Electrical Power Grids 1.3.3 Electrical Energy Conversion from Coal 1.3.4 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Plant 1.3.5 Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP) 1.3.6 Nuclear Power Plants 1.3.7 Electricity from Renewable Energy 1.3.7.1 Hydroelectricity 1.3.7.2 Electricity from Wind Power 1.3.7.3 Electricity from Wave Power 1.3.7.4 Electricity from Tidal Power 1.3.7.5 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy Conversion Types of PV Systems 1.4 Sustainable Energy Problems of Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Magnetic Circuits 2.1 Introduction to Magnetic Circuits 2.2 Magnetic Fields and Current-Carrying Conductors 2.3 Magnetic Fields of Electrons and Magnetic Moment 2.4 Magnetic Properties of Materials 2.4.1 Types of Ferromagnetic Materials 2.4.2 History of Magnetism 2.5 Magnetic Circuits and Permeability 2.6 Amperes Circuital Law 2.6.1 Calculation of the Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying Conductor 2.6.2 Analogy of Magnetic Circuits and Electrical Circuits Reluctance 2.6.3 Toroidal Ring 2.7 Magnetic Circuits with Air Gaps 2.8 Circuit Laws of Magnetic Circuits 2.9 Characteristics of Magnetic Materials, Hysteresis 2.10 Magnetically Induced Voltages; Self-Inductance 2.11 Mutual Inductance 2.12 Dot Convention 2.13 Energy Stored in Per Unit Volume of the Magnetic Field and Hysteresis Loop 2.14 Magnetic Stored Energy in a Single Winding 2.15 Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses 2.15.1 Hysteresis Loss 2.15.2 Eddy Current Losses 2.16 Magnetic Circuits with AC Excitation 2.17 Permanent Magnet 2.17.1 Approximate Design of Permanent Magnets Problems on Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Forces and Torques in Magnetic Fields 3.3 Force between Two Current-Carrying Wires 3.4 Force on a Current-Carrying Wire in a Magnetic Field 3.5 Generated Voltage in Magnetic Systems 3.6 Voltage Induced on a Moving Conductor 3.7 Force Developed in an Electromagnetic System 3.7.1 Force of Alignment 3.7.2 Force of Interaction 3.8 Basic Structure of Rotating Electrical Machines 3.8.1 Structure Types of Rotating Electrical Machines 3.9 Energy Balance Method 3.10 Energy in Singly-Excited Magnetic Field Systems 3.10.1 Derivation of Force from Energy 3.10.2 Derivation of Force from Coenergy 3.11 Force of Alignment between Parallel Magnetised Surfaces 3.12 Lateral Force of Alignment between Parallel Magnetised Surfaces 3.13 Alternative Force Calculation in a Linear System Problems on Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Rotating Electrical Machines (General) 4.1 Rotating Electrical Machines 4.2 Reluctance Motor 4.3 Step Motor 4.3.1 Permanent Magnet Step Motor 4.3.2 Variable Reluctance Step Motor 4.3.3 Hybrid Step Motor 4.4 Cylindrical Machines Problems on Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Electrical Machines 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Electric Motors 5.2.1 Alternating Current (AC) Motors 5.2.2 Direct Current (DC) Motors 5.2.3 Efficiency in Motors 5.2.4 Torque–Speed Characteristics and Speed Regulation of Motors Chapter 6 DC Machines 6.1 Introduction 6.2 DC Machine Principles (Linear Machine) 6.2.1 Motor Operation 6.2.2 Generator Operation 6.3 Rotating DC Machines 6.3.1 Principles of DC Generator Operation 6.3.2 Principles of DC Motor Operation 6.4 Practical DC Machines 6.5 DC Machine in Action 6.5.1 Armature Voltage 6.5.2 Developed Torque 6.6 Equivalent Circuit of DC Motors 6.6.1 Magnetisation Curve 6.7 Shunted DC Motor 6.7.1 Speed Control and Speed Regulation of a Shunt-Connected DC Motor 6.8 Separately Excited DC Motors and Speed Control 6.9 Series-Connected DC Motor 6.10 Universal Motors 6.11 Compounded DC Motors 6.12 Starting of DC Motors 6.13 Brushless DC Motors Problems on Chapter 6 Chapter 7 AC Machines 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Principles of AC Machines 7.3 Two Pole Single-Turn Simple AC Generator 7.4 Simple Four-Pole AC Generator Chapter 8 Synchronous Machines 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Practical Synchronous Machines 8.3 Synchronous Motor Made Simple 8.4 Rotating Magnetic Field in Balanced Three-Phase AC Machines 8.5 Mathematical Analysis of the Rotating Field in Balanced Three-Phase AC Machines 8.6 Rotating Magnetic Field in Balanced Two-Phase AC Machines 8.7 Rotating Magnetic Field in Single-Phase AC Machines 8.8 Rotating Magnetic Field in Unbalanced Polyphase AC Machines 8.9 AC Machines in General 8.10 Differences between Single- and Three-Phase Synchronous Machines 8.11 Starting of Synchronous Motors 8.12 Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Motors 8.13 Synchronous Generators 8.14 Equivalent Circuit of the Synchronous Generator 8.15 Stand-alone Generator Operation 8.16 The Infinite Bus 8.17 Synchronous Generators in Infinite Bus 8.17.1 Effect of Increasing Mechanical Drive to an Infinite Bus-Connected Synchronous Generator 8.17.2 Effect of Field Excitation to an Infinite Bus-Connected Synchronous Generator Problems on Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Induction Machines 9.1 Introduction to Induction Machines 9.2 Three-Phase Induction Motors 9.2.1 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Balanced Three-Phase Induction Motors 9.2.2 Rotor Equivalent Circuit per Phase 9.2.3 Complete Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit per Phase 9.2.4 Calculation of the Torque Expression 9.2.5 Power Relationships 9.2.6 Speed Control of Induction Motors 9.2.7 Starting of Three-Phase Induction Motors 9.3 Single-Phase Induction Motor 9.3.1 Split-Phase Motors 9.3.2 Shaded-Pole Motors 9.3.3 Capacitor-Type Motors 9.4 The Induction Generator Problems on Chapter 9 Bibliography Index