The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction

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Cover Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface 1 An Overview of Rhetoric Re-evaluating Rhetoric Rhetoric and Persuasion Defining Rhetoric Rhetoric and Symbol Systems Effective Symbolic Expression Rhetorical Discourse Rhetoric Is Planned Rhetoric Is Adapted to an Audience Rhetoric Reveals Human Motives Rhetoric Is Responsive Rhetoric Seeks Persuasion Rhetoric Addresses Contingent Issues Social Functions of the Art of Rhetoric Rhetoric Tests Ideas Rhetoric Assists Advocacy Rhetoric Distributes Power Rhetoric Discovers Facts Rhetoric Shapes Knowledge Rhetoric Builds Community Conclusion Recurrent Themes Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 2 The Origins and Early History of Rhetoric The Rise of Rhetoric Athenian Democratic Reforms Education in Athens Courts and Assemblies in Athens The Sophists The Flourishing of Athens The Sophists’ Reputation What the Sophists Taught How the Sophists Taught Why the Sophists Were Controversial Two Influential Sophists Gorgias Gorgias’ Encomium and Rhetorical Devices Protagoras Isocrates: A Master of Rhetoric Isocrates the Teacher Isocrates the Political Theorist Women Writers of Ancient Greece Sayings of the Spartan Women Aspasia Sappho Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 3 Plato versus the Sophists: Rhetoric on Trial Plato’s Gorgias: Rhetoric on Trial The Debate with Gorgias: Rhetoric’s Nature and Uses Socrates versus Polus: Rhetoric as Power Socrates versus Callicles: The Strong Survive The Outcome of the Gorgias Is Plato Fair to Rhetoric and the Sophists? Rhetoric in Plato’s Phaedrus: A True Art? Components of a Techne of Rhetoric Rhetoric as Soulcraft Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 4 Aristotle on Rhetoric Defining Rhetoric Rhetoric and Dialectic Dialectic and Rhetoric: Similarities and Differences Similarities Differences Rhetoric as a Techne of Discovery The Enthymeme An Argument Constructed with the Audience A Democratic Argument Three Rhetorical Settings Deliberative Oratory Epideictic Oratory Forensic Oratory The Artistic Proofs Logos: The Logic of Sound Arguments Pathos: The Psychology of Emotion Ethos: The Sociology of Good Character Topoi: Lines of Argument Special Topics Common Topics Some Common Fallacies Aristotle on Style Metaphors and Other Devices Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 5 Rhetoric at Rome Roman Society and the Place of Rhetoric Rhetoric and Political Power Rhetoric and Roman Education The Rhetorical Theory of Cicero De Inventione Studying Invention and Memory Cicero’s De Oratore The End of Cicero’s Life Quintilian The Toga Rhetoric and the Good Citizen Educating the Citizen–Orator Longinus: On the Sublime The Emotive Power of Language Rhetoric in the Later Roman Empire The Second Sophistic Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 6 Rhetoric in Christian Europe Rhetoric, Tension, and Fragmentation Rhetoric in the Early Middle Ages St. Augustine Augustine’s Rhetorical Theory De Doctrina Christiana Augustine and Rhetorical Education Martianus Capella Boethius Rhetoric and Medieval Education Disputatio and Sentenniae Women and Education Rhetorical Continuity Rhetorical Arts in the High Middle Ages The Art of Preaching The Art of Letter Writing Letter-Writing Skill Women and Letter Writing The Art of Poetry Marie de France Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 7 Rhetoric in the Renaissance Italian Humanism Marks of the Umanista Notaries Petrarch Christine de Pisan Pico dello Mirandola Lorenzo Valla Juan Luis Vives Rhetoric and Renaissance Education Rhetoric and Renaissance Art The Turn Toward Dialectic Agricola Peter Ramus Renaissance Rhetoric in Britain Teaching Rhetoric Magic, Science, and Style The Late Renaissance and Conversational Rhetoric Madame Madeleine de Scudéry Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 8 Enlightenment Rhetoric Rhetoric’s Changing Roles Margaret Cavendish Writing Career Vico and the Rhetoric of Human Thought Vico versus Descartes Rhetoric and Imagination Rhetoric and the Evolution of Human Thought Vico on Myth: The Civilization-Shaping Force of Narrative Influence British Rhetoric in the Eighteenth Century Rhetoric in British Education The Elocutionary Movement The Scottish School The Belletristic Movement George Campbell Richard Whately Revives Classical Rhetoric Maria Edgeworth Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 9 Contemporary Rhetoric I: Arguments, Audiences, and Advocates Argumentation and Rational Discourse Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca: A New Rhetoric The Centrality of Audience Jürgen Habermas on a Rational Society The Rhetoric of Science Precursors A Rhetorical Approach to Science The Power of Unexamined Science Advocacy in the Sciences Science and Communities Deirdre McCloskey and the Rhetoric of Economics Rhetoric in Anthropology John Campbell on the Rhetoric of Charles Darwin Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 10 Contemporary Rhetoric II: Situation, Story, Display Rhetoric in Context Kenneth Burke and Rhetoric as Symbolic Action Lloyd Bitzer and Rhetoric as Situational Rhetoric and Narration Changes Mikhail Bakhtin and the Polyphonic Novel Wayne Booth and the Rhetoric of Fiction Authors as Advocates Reflecting on Narrative Walter Fisher on the Rhetoric of Narration Ernest Bormann on Stories and Communities The Rhetoric of Display Digital Rhetorics The Architecture of the Online Experience Andrea Lundford’s New Literacy Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms 11 Contemporary Rhetoric III: Texts, Power, Alternatives Postmodern Rhetoric Questioning the “Taken for Granted” Jean-Francois Lyotard and Postmodernism Michel Foucault Queer Theory Jacques Derrida Feminism and Rhetoric: Critique and Reform The Loss of a Woman’s Voice Reconceptualizing Rhetoric Constructing Gender Rhetorically Rhetoric as Conquest Rhetoric as Invitation “Works,” “Texts,” and the Work of Reading Feminism and the Ancient Tradition Comparative Rhetoric African Rhetorical Forms George Kennedy on Non-European Rhetorics Aztec and Egyptian Rhetorics Rhetoric in Ancient China “Private Speaking” Chinese Sophists and the Intrigues of the Warring States Jian, Shui, Pien, and the Traveling Persuaders Averroes and the Aristotelian Tradition: Arabic Rhetoric in the Twelfth Century Re-visioning the Greek Tradition Conclusion Questions for Review Questions for Discussion Terms Glossary Bibliography Index