The BRICS Order: Assertive Or Complementing The West?

Description

This book examines the direction of the BRICS association. Beginning with historical analyses of the broader Global South and the fundamental composition of the BRICS countries and then moving on to present trends, The BRICS Order evaluates the variables that will influence the association’s future. While the BRICS as a forum emerged as a result of the visible fragmentation of the post-1945 world order, it itself remains dogged by issues emanating from internal divergences among member states and from external factors. The contributors interrogate the extent to which this formation of “emerging economies” is indicative of a challenge to the West, or in fact a complimentary relation. Integral to these studies – which encompass examinations of such diverse areas as governance systems, issues in bilateral relations, security threats, multilateral institution building, the transnational creation and dissemination of knowledge, and technological innovation – are patterns of convergence and divergence which render the countries not a formal alliance, but as signifiers of a multilateral future in which the West is itself to become more heterogeneous and thus become occasionally complemented depending on the vacillating consensus within the BRICS association and on the interests of the BRICS countries at different points in time. Acknowledgements......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Notes on Contributors......Page 10 List of Figures......Page 13 List of Tables......Page 16 Introduction......Page 18 The Great Recession and Its Aftermath, 2008–2018......Page 20 New and Re-Emerging Actors in the Global Economy, 2000–2008......Page 23 Russia......Page 24 India......Page 25 South Africa......Page 26 The Global South, from Bandung to NIEO......Page 28 From IBSA to BRICS......Page 32 2nd Summit (2010)......Page 33 3rd Summit (2011)......Page 34 6th Summit (2014)......Page 35 9th Summit (2017)......Page 36 Literature Review......Page 37 Theoretical Underpinnings......Page 38 Accounting for the Rise......Page 39 Implications......Page 42 Impetus for, and Outline of, the Book......Page 43 Bibliography......Page 48 Introduction......Page 52 Democracy: A Brief Conceptual Definition......Page 54 BRICS Countries’ Autochthonous Political Systems......Page 55 Brazil......Page 57 Brazilian Democracy and the US......Page 59 India......Page 61 Indian Democracy......Page 63 South Africa......Page 65 The Winning of South African Democracy......Page 66 Towards a Non-Western Democratic Framework: A Growing Literature......Page 72 Conclusion......Page 74 Bibilography......Page 75 3 Brics, Brazil and Africa: Economic Potential and Challenges......Page 81 BRICS Challenges and Potential: The Monetary-Financial Dimension......Page 82 BRICS Challenges and Potential: The Productive Dimension......Page 85 Brazil-Africa: Economic Relations (1997–2017)......Page 91 Conclusions......Page 102 Bibliography......Page 105 Introduction......Page 107 India’s Economic Profile......Page 108 India’s Trade......Page 109 India’s Aggregate Exports for One Year (September 2017–August 2018)......Page 110 Imports......Page 111 Indian Foreign Policy......Page 112 Geographical Factors......Page 114 Foreign Policy Making......Page 115 BRICS, India and the Current Global Order......Page 116 Counterbalancing China......Page 117 India, the UK and the EU......Page 119 India and the US......Page 120 Conclusion......Page 122 Bibilography......Page 123 Introduction—The BRICS Vision......Page 125 Trade and Investment......Page 127 Economic Growth and the Chinese Dream......Page 129 Common Development......Page 130 South–South Cooperation......Page 131 Transforming the Global System of Governance......Page 132 International Stability......Page 134 The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)......Page 136 Strengthening BRICS Cooperation and Global Governance Reform......Page 137 Conclusion—China and BRICS......Page 139 Bibilography......Page 141 Introduction......Page 143 BRICS and South African Agency in World Affairs......Page 145 South Africa’s Attraction to BRICS?......Page 149 Why Is South Africa so Committed to the BRICS? What Is in It for Pretoria?......Page 153 Three Key South African Policy Rationales......Page 154 Three Key Policy Drivers for South Africa......Page 157 Conclusion......Page 159 Bibliography......Page 161 Introduction......Page 164 Sino-Indian Relations in Historical Perspective......Page 165 An Achilles’ Heel?......Page 166 India’s Japan-Allied Alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative......Page 167 The Pakistan Problem......Page 168 Implications for BRICS?......Page 170 Agreeing to Disagree?......Page 172 The Nuclear Factor?......Page 173 The Paradox......Page 174 Where to from Here?......Page 175 Bibiography......Page 176 Introduction......Page 179 China in the East African Region and the Horn of Africa......Page 187 Kenya’s ‘Look East’ Policy Amid Western Influence......Page 188 China-Africa Lopsided Partnership: The Case of Sino-Kenyan Cooperation......Page 194 Chinese Influence Through Education and Culture......Page 197 The Politics of Sino-Kenyan Cooperation......Page 198 Cronyism, Rent Seeking and Politics of Extraversion in Kenya......Page 199 Infrastructure Programmes......Page 201 China’s Influence in Africa: Interests Versus Normative Politics......Page 204 The Undercurrents of China–Africa Partnership......Page 207 Conclusion......Page 210 Bibilography......Page 212 Introduction......Page 217 Optimism, Pessimism, Pragmatism......Page 219 Analysis: Optimism, Pessimism and Pragmatism in the Media......Page 223 Conclusion......Page 229 Bibliography......Page 230 BRICS Educational Collaboration: A General Introduction......Page 234 Academic Revolution: Towards Formation of Transnational Educational Capitalism......Page 236 Excellence Projects: Paving the Way for Transnational Education......Page 242 Horizontal University Networks: Addressing Common Problems......Page 246 The BRICS: An Alternative Vision?......Page 252 Bibliography......Page 257 Introduction......Page 261 The Road to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0)......Page 266 The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0)......Page 271 Technical Description of Industry 4.0......Page 272 Global South’s Competitiveness in Industry 4.0......Page 278 Conclusion......Page 289 Bibliography......Page 291 Introduction......Page 294 Misguided Skills Development in BRICS Nations?......Page 296 How Emerging Markets and Developed Nations Battle for (AI) Supremacy, While Dominating in Their Own Domains......Page 302 Successful Policies that Drive Industry 4.0 in Developed Countries......Page 303 Digitisation, Social Transformation, and Business Model Changes......Page 307 Successful Policies That Drive Industry 4.0 in Developed Countries (Non-European Countries)......Page 308 Plattform Industry 4.0......Page 311 Japan’s New Robot Strategy......Page 312 Manufacturing USA (Advanced Manufacturing Partnership 2.0 (AMP 2.0))......Page 313 BRICS Nations’ Challenges in Terms of Industry 4.0......Page 314 BRICS Initiatives Towards Industry 4.0......Page 315 Brazil......Page 316 India......Page 317 South Africa......Page 318 The Social, Political, and Economic Position of Africa......Page 319 The Changing Social, Political, and Economic Fortunes of Africa......Page 324 Case Study: Enabling Access to Clean Water and Sanitation Through Sensing......Page 325 Case Study: Water 4.0......Page 328 Conclusion......Page 330 Bibliography......Page 331 Introduction......Page 334 The IMF......Page 337 IMF Structure......Page 338 BRICS......Page 341 The New Development Bank......Page 342 China’s Growth and Appeal in Africa......Page 344 FOCAC and Its Impact on Africa–Chinese Relations......Page 346 Challenging or Supplementing Bretton Woods Institutions?......Page 347 Conclusion......Page 349 Bibliography......Page 350 14 Conclusion......Page 353 Bibliography......Page 357 Index......Page 358