Neonatology: A Practical Approach to Neonatal Diseases

Description

This new textbook wants to offer to neonatologists and pediatricians a modern and complete view of the various problems and aspects of neonatology, currently one of the most complex and advanced fields of pediatrics. The first chapters will be dedicated to the epidemiology of neonatal mortality and morbidity and to the conditions responsible for neonatal risk. A section will be devoted to organizational problems of hospitals and home services for efficient modern neonatal and infant care. Particular attention will be paid to neonatal care, medico-legal questions, examination of newborns and current availability of laboratory facilities and instrumentation for identification of perinatal abnormalities. Neonatal nutritional problems will also be examined, outlining current knowledge of the needs of sick and healthy babies. Conditions jeopardizing fetal health such as diabetes, maternal drug abuse and smoking will be discussed. New advances in neonatal pharmacology will be extensively examined. Various diseases of the neonate involving lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, blood, immune system, endocrine system and kidneys will be also expounded in special chapters. Fetal and neonatal infections will be extensively discussed. Fetal and neonatal neurological abnormalities will be discussed by highly specialized authors. There will be chapters on neonatal ophthalmology, dermatology and orthopedics. Each chapter has beeb written by a well recognized international expert in his or her field. As the opinion leader in their field, the Author is responsible for giving the most up-to-date information in terms of what is known, what is still being researched, and what has become evidence based medicine. Underlying causes and mechanisms of neonatal diseases will be presented in an immediate form. The use of summaries, tables, and accurately selected guidelines or recommendations that will accompany the text will supply quick references and instant solutions to the concerned neonatologists during their daily practice. Front Matter....Pages I-XXX Epidemiology: Mortality and Morbidity....Pages 1-6 The Development from Fetus to Newborn....Pages 7-16 General Characteristics of Preterm and Term Newborn....Pages 17-20 Risk Factors for Gestational Diseases....Pages 21-25 Epigenetic Mechanisms....Pages 26-30 Congenital Malformations and Syndromes: Early Diagnosis and Prognosis....Pages 31-45 Prenatal and Postnatal Inflammatory Mechanisms....Pages 46-49 The Fetus at Risk: Chorioamnionitis....Pages 50-54 Diagnosis of Fetal Distress....Pages 55-66 Multiple Pregnancies....Pages 67-76 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Obstetric Aspects....Pages 77-81 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Neonatal Aspects....Pages 82-88 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Intervention Strategies....Pages 89-93 Late Preterm Infants at Risk for Short-Term and Long-Term Morbidity and Mortality....Pages 94-101 Ethical Problems....Pages 102-113 Basic Approach to the Care of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: an Outline....Pages 114-116 The Process of Decision-Making....Pages 117-121 Follow-up Outcomes of High Risk Infants....Pages 122-129 Early Markers of Poor Outcome....Pages 130-135 Quality of Neonatal Intensive Care and Outcome for High Risk Newborn Infants....Pages 136-144 Cerebral Plasticity and Functional Reorganization in Children with Congenital Brain Lesions....Pages 145-149 Organization of Perinatal Care....Pages 150-156 Training of Doctors and Nurses in Perinatology....Pages 157-160 Neonatal Transport Services....Pages 161-164 Problems of Discharge and Home Care of Newborns....Pages 165-167 Risk Management....Pages 168-172 Guidelines and Protocols....Pages 173-177 Physical Environment: the Thermal Environment....Pages 178-188 Information and Psychosocial Intervention in Neonatology....Pages 189-191 Neonatology and the Law....Pages 192-196 Environment and Early Developmental Care....Pages 197-200 Neonatal Pain: Neurophysiology, Recognition and Prevention....Pages 201-205 Procedural Pain Management with Non-Pharmacological Interventions....Pages 206-209 Neonatal Anesthesia....Pages 210-216 Neonatal Care in the Delivery Room: Initial Management....Pages 217-220 Approach to Low Risk Newborns....Pages 221-225 Early Detection of Neonatal Depression and Asphyxia....Pages 226-231 Resuscitation of the Newborn....Pages 232-241 Oxygen Toxicity....Pages 242-249 Physical Examination of the Newborn....Pages 250-256 Primary Investigations in the Term and Preterm Newborn....Pages 257-262 Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract....Pages 263-280 Hormones and Gastrointestinal Function....Pages 281-289 Feeding the Term Infant: Human Milk and Formulas....Pages 290-297 Nutritional Recommendations for the Very Low Birth Weight Newborn....Pages 298-303 Enteral Feeding of the Very Low Birth Weight Infant....Pages 304-310 Parenteral Nutrition....Pages 311-319 Post-Discharge Nutrition in Preterm Infants....Pages 320-332 Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis: Pathophysiology....Pages 333-353 Micronutrients and Vitamins....Pages 354-357 Safety of Medications During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding....Pages 358-363 Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics....Pages 364-368 Infants of Drug-Addicted Mothers....Pages 369-374 Infants of Smoking Mothers....Pages 375-378 Infants of Diabetic Mothers....Pages 379-386 Lung Development and Pulmonary Malformations....Pages 387-404 Neonatal Pulmonary Physiology of Term and Preterm Newborns....Pages 405-414 Control of Breathing in Newborns....Pages 415-422 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome....Pages 423-428 Molecular Structure of Surfactant: Biochemical Aspects....Pages 429-432 Surfactant Metabolism in Neonatal Lung Diseases....Pages 433-440 Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Predisposing Factors, Pathophysiology and Diagnosis....Pages 441-454 Pulmonary Hemorrhage, Transient Tachypnea and Neonatal Pneumonia....Pages 455-459 Pulmonary Air Leakage....Pages 460-468 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/Chronic Lung Disease....Pages 469-483 Rare Lung Diseases....Pages 484-487 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn and Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia....Pages 488-496 Treatment of Respiratory Failure: Mechanical Ventilation....Pages 497-508 Continuous Positive Airways Pressure and other Non-Invasive Ventilation Techniques....Pages 509-521 Lung Diseases: Surfactant Replacement Therapy....Pages 522-528 Nitric Oxide Therapy in Neonatology....Pages 529-536 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Neonates....Pages 537-539 Lung Diseases: Problems of Steroid Treatment of Fetus and Newborn....Pages 540-542 Apnea of Prematurity and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome....Pages 543-549 Cardiovascular Physiology, Pathology, and Clinical Investigation....Pages 550-568 Early Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease: When and How to Treat....Pages 569-576 Arrhythmias and Heart Muscle Diseases....Pages 577-584 Blood Pressure Disorders in the Neonate: Hypotension and Hypertension....Pages 585-592 Polycythemia and Hyperviscosity....Pages 593-598 Patent Ductus Arteriosus....Pages 599-607 Bilirubin Metabolism, Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia, Physiological Neonatal Jaundice....Pages 608-610 Pathologic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia, Isoimmunization, Abnormalities of Red Cells and Infections....Pages 611-620 Kernicterus, Bilirubin Induced Neurological Dysfunction and New Treatments for Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia....Pages 621-628 Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia....Pages 629-640 Pathology and Treatment of Liver Diseases....Pages 641-649 Neonatal Cholestasis-Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia....Pages 650-658 Surgical Treatment of Biliary Tract Malformations....Pages 659-663 Orofacial Malformations....Pages 664-674 Esophageal Atresia....Pages 675-681 Gastrointestinal Malformations....Pages 682-698 Rare Surgical Emergencies....Pages 699-703 Meconium Plug Syndrome....Pages 704-707 Hirschsprung’s Disease....Pages 708-712 Gastroenteritis and Intractable Diarrhea....Pages 713-718 Rehydration after Diarrhea....Pages 719-723 Necrotizing Enterocolitis....Pages 724-730 Surgical Treatment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis....Pages 731-734 Hematology and Immunology: Overview....Pages 735-747 Pathophysiology of Coagulation and Deficiencies of Coagulation Factors in the Newborn....Pages 748-762 Coagulation Disorders: Risk of Thrombosis in the Newborn....Pages 763-769 Coagulation Disorders: Inflammation and Thrombosis....Pages 770-774 Coagulation Disorders: Clinical Aspects of Platelet Disorders....Pages 775-783 Anemia in the Neonatal Period....Pages 784-798 Fetal and Neonatal Hydrops....Pages 799-803 Physiology and Abnormalities of Leukocytes....Pages 804-818 Neonatal Hereditary Neutropenia....Pages 819-821 Therapy with Recombinant Leukocyte Growth Factors....Pages 822-829 Fundamentals of Feto-Neonatal Immunology and Its Clinical Relevance....Pages 830-847 Congenital Immunodeficiencies....Pages 848-852 Inflammatory Mediators in Neonatal Asphyxia and Infection....Pages 853-857 Neonatal Malignancies....Pages 858-868 Fetal Infections: Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex, and Varicella....Pages 869-879 Fetal infections: Rubella, HIV, HCV, HBV, and Human Parvovirus B19....Pages 880-892 Fetal Infections: Congenital Syphilis, and Tuberculosis....Pages 893-897 Toxoplasmosis in the Fetus and Newborn....Pages 898-904 Neonatal Bacterial and Fungal Infections....Pages 905-930 Neonatal Septic Shock....Pages 931-939 Neonatal Viral Infections: Enteroviruses, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus....Pages 940-943 Vaccinations and Neonatal Immunity....Pages 944-948 Inborn Errors of Metabolism....Pages 949-966 Endocrine Diseases of Newborn....Pages 967-992 Disorders of Thyroid Function....Pages 993-1003 Disorders of Sexual Development....Pages 1004-1017 Pathophysiology of Fetal and Neonatal Kidneys....Pages 1018-1026 Acute and Chronic Renal Failure in the Newborn Infant....Pages 1027-1039 Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal and Urinary Tract Malformations....Pages 1040-1066 Brain Development and Perinatal Vulnerability to Cerebral Damage....Pages 1067-1078 Inflammation and Perinatal Brain Injury....Pages 1079-1086 Normal and Abnormal Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Outcomes of Very Low Birth Weight Infants....Pages 1087-1099 Neurological Examination of the Newborn Infant....Pages 1100-1112 Neonatal Electroencephalography....Pages 1113-1117 Neuroimaging Studies....Pages 1118-1130 Malformations of Cortical Development: Genetic Aspects....Pages 1131-1136 Congenital Malformations of the Brain: Prenatal Diagnosis, Spectrum and Causes....Pages 1137-1146 Biochemical Basis of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy....Pages 1147-1159 Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the Hypoxic-Ischemic Syndrome....Pages 1160-1172 Neuroprotective Strategies....Pages 1173-1179 Cerebral Hemorrhage....Pages 1180-1191 Neonatal Arterial Stroke....Pages 1192-1198 Neonatal Seizures....Pages 1199-1207 The Timing of Neonatal Brain Damage....Pages 1208-1215 Thrombosis in the Development of Newborn Brain Damage....Pages 1216-1227 Epidemiology of Adverse Cerebral Outcome....Pages 1228-1231 Neuromuscular Disorders....Pages 1232-1239 Ocular Malformations....Pages 1240-1245 Retinopathy of Prematurity....Pages 1246-1265 Neonatal Orthopedic Surgery....Pages 1266-1268 Neonatal Skin Disorders....Pages 1269-1293 Back Matter....Pages 1295-1348