Fundamentals and Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Polymers and Nanocellulose

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Fundamentals and Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Polymers and Nanocellulosebrings together the latest research in cellulose-based nanocomposites, covering fundamentals, processing, properties, performance, applications, and the state of the art. The book begins by explaining the fundamentals of cellulose and cellulose-based nanocomposites, including sources, extraction, types, classification, linkages, model structure, model compounds, and characterization techniques. The second part of the book covers the incorporation of cellulose fillers to improve the properties or characteristics of nanocomposites, organized by composite category, including in aerogels, thermoplastic composites, thermoset composites, bioplastic composites, carbon nanofibers, rubber composites, carbon fibers, and foaming materials. Throughout these chapters, there is an emphasis on the latest innovations and application potential. Finally, applications are explored in more detail, notably focusing on the utilization of nanocellulose in biodegradable composites for biomedical applications, along with other important industrial application areas. This book is of great interest to researchers, scientists, and advanced students working with bio-based materials, and across polymer science, nanomaterials, composite materials, plastics engineering, chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, as well as R&D professionals, engineers, and industrialists interested in the development of bio-based materials for advanced applications or material commercialization. Front Cover Fundamentals and Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Polymers and Nanocellulose Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Sources of cellulose 1.1. Introduction of cellulose 1.2. Functions of cellulose 1.3. Sources of cellulose 1.4. Potentiality of cellulose 1.4.1. Feedstock, foods, medicine, and reinforcement 1.4.2. Textile 1.5. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 2: Extraction, types, and classification of cellulose 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Extraction/isolation method of cellulose 2.2.1. Cellulose extraction/isolation by using alkaline 2.2.2. Cellulose extraction/isolation by using dilute acid 2.2.3. Cellulose extraction/isolation by using ultrasound 2.2.4. Cellulose extraction/isolation by using enzyme 2.3. Types and classification of cellulose 2.3.1. Hypromellose or HPMC 2.3.2. Hydroxyethyl cellulose 2.3.3. Hydroxypropyl cellulose 2.3.4. Cellulose acetate phthalate 2.3.5. Cellulose acetate 2.3.6. Cellulose triacetate 2.3.7. Cellulose nitrate (nitrocellulose) 2.3.8. Carboxymethyl cellulose 2.3.9. Ethyl cellulose 2.3.10. Methyl cellulose 2.4. Commercial-grade cellulose 2.5. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 3: Cellulose interunit linkages and model compounds 3.1. Introduction 3.1.1. Cellulose and hemicellulose 3.1.2. Lignin 3.2. Common linkages of cellulose 3.3. Model structure of cellulose 3.4. Model compounds of cellullose 3.5. Summary Acknowledgment References Further reading Chapter 4: Advanced techniques for characterizing cellulose 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Structure of cellulose 4.3. Molecular weight of cellulose 4.4. Chemical structure characterization techniques 4.4.1. Cellulose crystallinity 4.4.1.1. Updegraff method 4.4.1.2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 4.4.1.3. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) 4.4.1.4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 4.4.1.5. Raman spectroscopy 4.4.2. Size and organization of the cellulose microfibrils 4.4.2.1. Electron microscopy (EM) 4.4.2.2. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 4.4.2.3. X-ray and neutron small angle scattering technique 4.4.2.4. Surface area analysis 4.5. Thermal properties of cellulose characterization techniques 4.5.1. Thermal analysis (TA) technique 4.5.1.1. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 4.5.1.2. Modulated DSC (MDSC) 4.5.1.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 4.5.1.4. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) 4.5.1.5. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) 4.5.2. Thermal conductivity of planar materials measurement methods 4.5.2.1. Steady-state methods 4.5.2.2. Laser spot periodic heating radiation thermometry method 4.5.2.3. Flash method 4.6. Mechanical properties of cellulose characterization techniques 4.6.1. Impact (toughness) testing 4.6.1.1. Charpy impact test 4.6.1.2. Izod test 4.6.1.3. Unnotched Izod test 4.6.1.4. Gardner impact testing 4.6.1.5. Drop testing 4.6.1.6. Ballistics test 4.6.2. Tensile testing 4.6.2.1. Force controlled tensile testing 4.6.2.2. Displacement controlled tensile testing 4.6.3. Indentation hardness testing 4.6.3.1. Rockwell test 4.6.3.2. Vickers test 4.6.3.3. Micro-indentation tests Micro-Vickers test Knoop test 4.7. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 5: Cellulose-based aerogels 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Silica-based aerogel 5.3. Cellulose-based aerogel 5.4. Cellulose-based aerogel composite 5.5. Applications of cellulose-based aerogels and composites 5.5.1. Fire retardant 5.5.2. Water treatment 5.5.3. Biomedical 5.6. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 6: Cellulose reinforcement in thermoplastic composites 6.1. Introduction 6.1.1. Polypropylene (PP) 6.1.2. Polyethylene (PE) 6.1.3. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 6.1.4. Polycarbonate (PC) 6.2. Cellulose in thermoplastic composites and its blend 6.2.1. Isolation or extraction methods of cellulose nanomaterials 6.2.1.1. Acid hydrolysis 6.2.1.2. Enzymatic hydrolysis 6.2.1.3. Mechanical treatment High-pressure homogenization (HPH) High-intensity ultrasonication (HIUS) Microfluidization Cryocrushing 6.2.2. Processing technique of thermoplastic reinforced with cellulose 6.2.2.1. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) 6.2.2.2. Injection molding 6.2.2.3. Compression molding 6.2.2.4. Blow molding 6.2.3. Performance of thermoplastic with cellulose reinforcement materials 6.2.3.1. Mechanical properties 6.2.3.2. Thermal properties 6.2.3.3. Barrier properties 6.3. Summary References Chapter 7: Cellulose reinforcement in thermoset composites 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Phenol formaldehyde resins 7.3. Cellulose-based polyurethanes 7.4. Cellulose-modified epoxy resins 7.5. Miscellaneous 7.5.1. Vulcanized rubber 7.5.2. Polyimides 7.5.3. Cyanate esters 7.5.4. Furan 7.5.5. Vinyl ester 7.6. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 8: Cellulose reinforcement in bioplastic composites 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Bioplastics for ``green composites´´ 8.3. Cellulose as filler for ``green composites´´ 8.4. Processing of cellulose reinforced green composites 8.4.1. Melt processing 8.4.2. Solvent-based processing 8.4.3. Electrospinning 8.5. Performance of cellulose reinforcing green composites 8.6. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 9: Cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers 9.1. Introduction to cellulose 9.1.1. An overview of cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers 9.1.2. Cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers 9.2. Fabrication of cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers 9.3. Properties of cellulose-based composite carbon nanofibers 9.4. Applications of cellulose-based carbon nanofibers 9.5. Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 10: Cellulose-reinforced rubber composites 10.1. An introduction to cellulose reinforced rubber composites 10.2. Solution blending of cellulose and rubber nanocomposites 10.3. Melt blending of cellulose and rubber nanocomposites 10.3.1. Latex blending 10.4. Cellulose reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites 10.5. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 11: Cellulose-derived carbon fibers 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Physical properties of carbon fiber materials 11.3. Electrical properties of carbon fiber materials 11.4. Advantages of carbon fiber materials 11.5. Disadvantages of conventional carbon fiber feedstock 11.6. Solution for meeting the increasing demand of carbon fiber composite 11.7. Lignin 11.8. Yield from carbon fiber feedstocks 11.9. Processing 11.9.1. Extrusion/spinning 11.9.2. Oxidation/thermo-stabilization 11.9.3. Carbonization and graphitization 11.9.4. Surface treatment 11.9.5. Sizing 11.10. Microwave-assisted plasma processing 11.11. Pulp mill black liquor gasification 11.12. Applications 11.12.1. 2006 Corvette Z06 fender 11.12.2. Advanced protective helmet for formula one 11.12.3. Supercapacitors 11.12.4. Thermal link 11.12.5. Compressed natural gas (CNG) storage tanks 11.12.6. Gas diffusion layer (GDLL) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) 11.13. Microstructure carbon fiber mats 11.13.1. Microstructure of a mixture of PAN & CA with different ratio 11.13.2. Microstructure of cellulose-based carbon fiber 11.14. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 12: Cellulose-based foaming materials 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Cellulose-based polyurethane foams 12.3. Nanocomposites 12.4. Cellulose-phenolic foams 12.5. Cellulose in starch foams 12.6. Cellulose as a reinforcing agent 12.7. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 13: Utilization of nanocellulose as reinforcement in biodegradable biomaterials 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Nanocellulose types and properties 13.2.1. Esters and ethers cellulose derivates 13.2.2. Esterification of cellulose ester 13.2.3. Etherification of cellulose ether 13.2.4. Extraction of bacterial cellulose 13.3. Extraction processses 13.4. Biomaterials for biomedical application 13.4.1. Bacterial nanocellulose 13.4.2. Cellulosic hydrogels 13.5. Nanocellulose biocomposites 13.5.1. Biodegradable polymers as matrix material 13.5.2. Nanocellulose as reinforcement material 13.6. Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 14: Applications of cellulose materials and their composites 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Processing of cellulose matrix composites 14.3. Engineered parts from cellulose matrix composites 14.3.1. Structural 14.3.2. Nanocomposites 14.3.3. Water engineering 14.3.4. Paper making 14.4. Further applications 14.5. Summary and future trends Acknowledgment References Index Back Cover