Defect Engineering of Carbon Nanostructures

Description

​This book presents an analysis of the techniques used for the synthesis of innovative functional carbon nanostructures. The chapters describe the research and development of various layered carbon nanostructures. Emphasis is given to the impact of defects on carbon nanostructures. The application of carbon nanostructured materials in biomedical field and energy storage is described. Preface Contents Defective Carbon Nanostructures for Biomedical Application 1 Introduction 2 Carbon Nanostructures 2.1 Zero-Dimensional (0D) Carbon Nanostructures 2.2 One-Dimensional (1D) Carbon Nanostructures 2.3 Two-Dimensional (2D) Carbon Nanostructures 3 Defects in Carbon Nanostructures 3.1 Biocompatible Defects in CNTs Through Functionalization 3.2 Covalent Functionalization 3.3 Noncovalent Functionalization 3.4 Functionalization Using Protein 3.5 Functionalization Using DNA 3.6 Functionalization Using Poly (Ethylene Glycol) 3.7 Functionalization Using Chitosan 3.8 Functionalization Using Other Polymers 4 Defects of Graphene 4.1 Direct Synthesis 4.2 Postsynthesis Treatment 4.3 Defects in Graphene Through Oxidation and Reduction 4.4 Defects in Fullerene 4.5 Defects in Carbon Quantum Dots 5 Defected Carbon Nanostructures for Biomedical Application 5.1 Sensing Application 5.2 Biomedicine 5.3 Biological Imaging 5.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Hetero Atom Doped Carbon Nanomaterials for Biological Applications 1 Introduction 2 Carbon Dots (CDs) 2.1 Synthesis of N-CDs 2.2 Characteristics of CDs for Bioapplications 2.3 Bioapplications 3 Graphene Quantum Dots 3.1 Environmental Applications 3.2 Bioimaging 4 Other Applications of C-Dots and GQDs 4.1 Cellular Imaging 4.2 Optical Imaging in Vivo 4.3 Biosensing 4.4 Drug/Gene Delivery 4.5 Anticancer Agents 4.6 Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity 5 Conclusion References Heteroatom Doping in Nanocarbon and Its Applications 1 Introduction 1.1 Local Adhering of the Dopants 2 Synthesis of Heteroatom-Doped Nanocarbons 3 Nanocarbon Material Doping for the ORR 3.1 Mechanisms for ORR 3.2 Heteroatom-Doped 3-dimensional Carbon Nanotubes ORR 4 Compound Heteroatom Co-Doped 3-dimensional Carbon Nanotubes 4.1 Advantages of Electrical-Based Capacitor 4.2 Endohedral Fullerene 4.3 Fullerene Formed from B–C–N Phases 4.4 B–N Fullerenes 5 Conclusion References Doping of Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Application 1 Introduction 2 Doping Methods of Carbon Nanostructures 3 Doping of Carbon Nanostructures for Super Capacitors 4 Doping of Carbon Nanostructures for Fuel Cells 5 Doping of Carbon Nanostructures for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) 6 Conclusion 7 Future Outlook References Defected Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application 1 Introduction 2 Doping Techniques for CNTs 2.1 Functionalization of SWCNTs 2.2 Amide/Ester Formation with Carboxylic Acid Groups of Oxidized SWCNTs 2.3 Reaction of SWCNTs with Nitrenes 2.4 Reaction of SWCNTs with Carbenes 2.5 Reaction of SWCNTs with Radicals 2.6 Reduction of SWCNTs with Alkali Metals 2.7 Reduction of SWCNTs with Lithium Alkyls 2.8 Dipolar (1,3) Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides to SWCNTs 2.9 Electrochemical Modification of CNTs 3 Functionalization of N-Doped SWCNTs 3.1 Fluorination of CNTs 3.2 Fluorination Techniques 3.3 Fluorine Addition Patterns 3.4 Conductance of Fluorinated CNTs 3.5 Fluorinated Nanotube Chemistry 3.6 Implementations of Doped CNTs 3.7 Li-Ion Batteries 3.8 Gas Sensors 3.9 Polymer Composites with Doped Nanotubes 4 Toxicity of Doped CNTs 5 Conclusions References Recent Progress in N-Doped Graphene: Properties and Applications 1 Introduction 2 Determination of Properties 2.1 Microscopic Techniques 2.2 XPS Technique 2.3 Raman Spectroscopy 2.4 XRD Analysis 3 Applications 3.1 Supercapacitors 3.2 Lithium Ion Batteries 3.3 Field Effect Transistor 3.4 Electrochemical Application 4 Summary References Graphene-Based Polymer Composites: Physical and Chemical Properties 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Polymer Composites 2.1 Electrospinning Technique 2.2 Dip Coating Technique 2.3 Solution Casting Technique 2.4 Spray Deposition Technique 2.5 Melt Mixing Technique 3 Defects of Graphene 3.1 Techniques for Creation of Defects 3.2 Properties of Graphene with Defects 4 Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composites 4.1 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA)–Graphene Composites 4.2 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)–Graphene Composites 4.3 Epoxy-Graphene Composites 4.4 Polystyrene (PS)–Graphene Composites 4.5 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Graphene Composites 4.6 Polyimide (PI)-Based Graphene Composites 4.7 Polyurethane (PU)-Based Graphene Composites 5 Conducting Polymer-Based Graphene Composites 5.1 Polyaniline (PANI)-Based Graphene Composites 5.2 Polypyrrole (PPy) and Polythiophene (PTh)-Based Graphene Composites 6 Summary References Defect in Carbon Nanostructures Through Electrospinning: Status and Prospect 1 Introduction 2 Nanotechnology, Electrospinning and Its Importance 3 Historical Prospect 4 Applications 4.1 Biomedical Applications 4.2 Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing 4.3 Energy 4.4 Solar and Thermal Energy Harvesting 4.5 Piezoelectric Devices and Nanogenerators 4.6 Supercapacitors 4.7 Environment 4.8 Sensors 4.9 Textiles 4.10 Food Packaging 4.11 Agriculture 4.12 Others 5 Conclusion References Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Nanomaterials as Alternative to Carbon Allotropes for Third-Generation Thin-Film Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 1 Introduction 2 DSSC Structure and Working Mechanism 2.1 Metal Oxide Semiconductors as Photoanode Materials 3 TiO2 as Proficient Material for Photoanode 3.1 Performance Evaluation Factors of TiO2 Photoanode 4 Conclusions References