Football Fandom in Europe and Latin America: Culture, Politics, and Violence in the 21st Century

Description

This book combines pieces of work on Europe and Latin America, the two continents where football arouses the most ardent passions among its spectators. Curiously, an undertaking to compare on a large scale the forms extreme fandom takes in these two geographical areas is still lacking. A situational analysis of the scientific literature devoted to the subject over the last two or three decades represents a step in this direction, making a scattered store of knowledge accessible. It thus answers a need to clarify regional differences in identities and in the practices of supporters.  Preface Contents Notes on Contributors 1: Football Fans in Europe and Latin America Latin America Europe Uniformity and Diversity in Extreme Fandom Pandemic Vicissitudes, Football Globalisation and the Universe of Supporters’ Groups References Part I: Europe 2: A Sociological Analysis of United Kingdom Football Fans: Historical Debates and Contemporary Issues Introduction Football Hooliganism: Theories and Debates National Issues Dominant National Fan Identities National Fan Diversities Socio-cultural Aspects of Football Fandom Social Divisions Contemporary Cultural Politics Concluding Comments References 3: Football Fandom in France and Italy The Emergence of Radical Fandom in Italy and in France Political identities and Relational Outlines Violence and Suppression in France and in Italy Conclusion References 4: A Struggle Between Loyalty and Commodification: Scandinavian Football Fans The Scandinavian Historical Background The Swedish Supporter Culture Denmark and Norway Female Supporters Scandinavia and the Globalized Football Market Identities in Modern Football Epilogue References Websites 5: From Stands to Forests: The Development of Belgian and Dutch Football Hooliganism The Emergence and Development of Football Hooliganism in Belgium and the Netherlands How Belgian and Dutch Authorities Have Attempted to Tackle Football Hooliganism Changes in the Patterns of Belgian and Dutch Football Hooliganism On the Road to Forests: Towards Hooliganism 2.0 References 6: Fandom, Society, and Politics in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland Introduction Development of Fan Cultures Structure and Identity of Fan Groups Problems and Answers Fans and Politics Conclusion References 7: The Long Shadow of Communism, Hooliganism and Identity Politics: Contemporary Football Fandom in Eastern Europe Introduction The History of Eastern Fandom The Post-transformation Evolution Anti-communism as a Political Background Right-Wing Tendencies on the Stands Discussions and Conclusions References 8: Football Fandom in South-Eastern Europe: The Countries from the Former Yugoslavia Politicisation of Yugoslav Stands The War and Post-War Period Seen from the Stands Recomposition of the Stands in Bosnia-Herzegovina Grammar of the Stands The Structuring of Extreme Fandom in Serbia and in Croatia Conclusion References 9: Claques, Ultras and Radicals: The Uneven Development of Fandom in Spain and Portugal—A History of Identities and Political Extremism History of Football Supporters’ Group in the Region Identities, Structures and Gestion of Football Fan Groups Fans, Violence and Politics: Problems and Responses Conclusions References Part II: Latin America 10: A Duel of “Hinchadas”: Chile and Argentina, a Comparative Study Introduction The Organisational Structure of Professional Football in Chile and Argentina Hinchadas: Origins, Territory, and Hierarchy ¡Because We Have Aguante, Real Aguante! Alliance and Clientele Networks Final Reflections References 11: The Field of Interactions of Organized Supporters’ Groups in Brazil Introduction Some Specific Properties of the Field of Interactions of the Organized Supporters’ Groups Structure, Conventions, Resources, Social Actors and Political Struggles of Organized Supporters’ Groups Social Construction of the Body and Subjectivity of Organized Supporters The Supporters’ Groups-Samba Schools: Specificities of the Associations Situated at the Intersection of Two Fields of Interaction The Emergence of Barras: Specificities and Characteristics of the Popular Movements When the Issue Is Violence: Some Data and Reflections on the Dynamics of the Conflicts in Different Regions of Brazil Conclusion References 12: War and Football in the Andes: Organised Groups of Supporters in Peru and Colombia Introduction War and Football From the Barra to the Barrismo Peru Colombia Conclusion References 13: Central America’s Football Fan Groups Introduction Some Contextual Aspects of Central America Temporal-Diachronic Dimension of Football Fan Groups Cultural Dimension Forms of Violence Structure and Leadership Conclusions References 14: Isolation, Youthful Rebelliousness and Criminalization: Football Supporters’ Groups in Mexico Poor Mexico, So Far from Brazil and Argentina, So Close to the United States From Porras to Barras Proletarianization and Criminalization of the Barras References 15: Ultras, Hooligans, Torcidas and Barras: An Overview Across Two Continents 1st Part: Europe 2nd Part: Latin America References Index