Financial Accounting : For Chaudhary Charan Singh University

Description

Cover Brief Contents Contents Syllabus Preface Chapter 1: Accounting as an Information System Introduction Objective 1: Meaning and Definition of Accounting Objective 2: Characteristic Features of Accounting Objective 3: Concept of Accounting as Information System Objective 4: Characteristic Features of an Accounting System Objective 5: Users of Financial Accounting Information 5.1 Investors 5.2 Suppliers and Creditors 5.3 Lenders 5.4 Employees 5.5 Customers 5.6 Government and Regulatory Services 5.7 Security Analysts and Advisors 5.8 Public 5.9 Management Objective 6: Branches of Accounting 6.1 Financial Accounting 6.2 Cost Accounting 6.3 Management Accounting 6.4 Tax Accounting 6.5 Social Responsibility Accounting 6.6 Other Branches of Accounting Objective 7: Distinction Between Financial Accounting and Management Accounting Objective 8: Objectives of Financial Accounting Objective 9: General Purpose Statement Objective 10: Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information or Financial Statements 10.1 Understandability 10.2 Relevance 10.3 Reliability 10.4 Comparability Objective 11: Functions of Accounting Objective 12: Advantages of Accounting Objective 13: Limitations of Accounting Objective 14: Bases of Accounting Objective 15: Distinction Between Accrual Basis of Accounting and Cash Basis of Accounting Summary Key Terms Reference Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Chapter 2: Nature of Financial Accounting Principles Objective 1: Need and Meaning of Accounting Principles Objective 2: Meaning and Characteristic Features of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 2.1 Meaning of GAAP 2.2 Salient Features of GAAP Objective 3: Basic Accounting Concepts 3.1 Entity Concept 3.2 Money Measurement Concept 3.3 Going Concern Concept 3.4 Periodicity Concept (Accounting Period Concept) 3.5 Cost Concepts 3.6 Realisation Concept 3.7 The Accrual Concept 3.8 Matching Concepts Objective 4: Basic Accounting Conventions 4.1 Convention of Conservatism (Prudence) 4.2 Convention of Consistency 4.3 Convention of Materiality 4.4 Convention of Disclosure Summary Key Terms Reference Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Chapter 3: Accounting Standards Introduction Objective 1: Meaning and Definition of Accounting Standards 1.1 Objectives of Accounting Standards 1.2 Development of Accounting Standards Objective 2: Constitution of Accounting Standard Board in India 2.1 Formation of the Accounting Standards Board 2.2 Objectives and Functions Objective 3: Scope of Accounting Standards in India Objective 4: Procedure of Issuing Accounting Standards Objective 5: Applicability of Accounting Standards 5.1 Level-I Enterprise 5.2 Level-II Enterprise 5.3 Level-III Enterprise Objective 6: Status of the Accounting Standards Issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India Objective 7: Compliance with Accounting Standards Objective 8: Implementation of Accounting Standards Objective 9: Salient Features of “General Purpose Financial Statements” Objective 10: Benefits of Accounting Standards Objective 11: AS-1 – Disclosure of Accounting Policies 11.1 Disclosure of Significant Accounting Policies 11. 2 Disclosure of Fundamental Accounting Assumptions 11.3 Selection of Accounting Policies 11.4 Disclosure of Changes in Accounting Policies Objective 12: Case Study 12.1 Convention 12.2 Basis of Accounting 12.2.1 Fixed Assets 12.3 Depreciation 12.4 Inventories 12.5 Revaluation of Assets 12.6 Investments 12.7 Sale 12.8 Turnover 12.9 Investment Income 12.10 Retirement Benefits 12.11 Provision for Income Tax 12.12 Lease Rentals 12.13 Research and Development 12.14 Foreign Currency Transaction 12.15 Claims 12.16 Financial and Management Information System Objective 13: Accounting Standard-2 (AS–2) Revised and Valuation of Inventories 13.1 Valuation of Inventories Objective 14: Accounting Standard-3 (AS–3) and Cash Flow Statements Objective 15: AS–4: Contingencies and Events Occurring after Balance Sheet Date Objective 16: AS–5: Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies Summary Key Terms Reference Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Chapter 4: Accounting Process – Journal Objective 1: Concept of Accounting Process and Stages Objective 2: Recording of Business Transactions and its Classification 2.1 Meaning of Business Transaction 2.2 Classification of Business Transactions 2.3 Another Way of Classification of Business Transactions Objective 3: Meaning of Account and its Classification 3.1 Meaning of Account 3.2 Classification of Accounts Objective 4: Classification of Accounts 4.1 Personal Accounts 4.2 Impersonal Accounts 4.3 Nominal Accounts Treated as Personal Accounts Objective 5: Meaning of Double Entry and Double Entry System 5.1 Meaning of Double Entry Objective 6: Methods of Recording Business Transactions 6.1 Traditional Approach 6.2 Accounting Equation Approach Objective 7: Traditional Approach for Recording Business Transactions and Debit–Credit Rules for Three Types of Accounts Objective 8: Meaning and Format of Journal 8.1 Meaning of Journal 8.2 Format of Journal Objective 9: Meaning of Journalising 9.1 Meaning 9.2 Process in Journalising Objective 10: Analysis of Business Transactions Objective 11: Recording the Results of Analysis Objective 12: Types of Entries 12.1 Simple Entry 12.2 Compound Entry 12.3 Opening Entry Objective 13: Source Documents – Formats, Uses and Methods of Recording 13.1 Cash Memo 13.2 Invoice 13.2.1 Trade Discount and Cash Discount 13.2.2 Distinction between Trade Discount and Cash Discount 13.3 Receipt 13.4 Debit Note 13.5 Credit Note 13.6 Voucher 13.7 Pay-in-slip 13.8 Cheque Objective 14: Recording of Trade Discount and Cash Discount Objective 15: Accounting Equation Approach – Meaning and Classification of Accounts 15.1 Meaning of Accounting Equation 15.2 Classifications of Accounts Objective 16: Rules of Debit and Credit as per Accounting 16.1 Accounting Equation Reaming and Features Objective 17: Analysis of Business Transactions Applying Summary Key Terms Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Chapter 5: Accounting Process – Ledger Objective 1: Meaning of “Ledger” Objective 2: Standard Form of Ledger and its Contents 2.1 Explanation of Ledger Account Format Objective 3: Meaning of Posting Objective 4: Procedure of Posting Objective 5: Distinction Between Journal and Ledger Objective 6: Posting of an Opening Entry Objective 7: Balancing an Account and Procedure for Balancing 7.1 Balancing of Different Accounts 7.2 Procedure for Balancing Summary Objective-type Questions Multiple-choice Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Chapter 6: Accounting Process – Subsidiary Books Objective 1: Meaning of Subsidiary Books Objective 2: Kinds and Purposes of Subsidiary Books Objective 3: Advantages of Subsidiary Books (or) Special Journals Objective 4: Difference Between Subsidiary Books and Ledger Objective 5: Meaning and Type of Cash Book 5.1 Meaning 5.2 Types of Cash Book Objective 6: Meaning, Format and Recording of Transactions in Single Column Cash Book 6.1 Meaning 6.2 Format of Single Column Cash Book 6.3 Balancing of Cash Book Objective 7: Meaning and Format of Double Column Cash Book (Cash Book with Discount and Cash Column) Objective 8: Method of Entering Bank Transactions in Two Columns (Bank and Discount Column) Objective 9: Meaning of Triple Column Cash Book with Discount, Cash and Bank Columns and Procedure of Recording Business Transactions in Triple Column Cash Books Objective 10: Meaning, Salient Features and Advantages of Petty Cash Book 10.1 Meaning 10.2 Advantages 10.3 Salient Features Objective 11: Format and Method of Recording Transactions 11.1 Format of Analytical Petty Cash Book of… 11.2 Explanations of Column and Procedure for Recording 11.3 Balancing Procedure 11.4 Passing of Journal Entries 11.5 Posting to Ledger Objective 12: Purchases Book – Meaning and Format and Methods of Preparing Purchase Book and Ledger Accounts 12.1 Meaning of Purchase Book 12.2 Format 12.2.1 Explanation and Procedure of Recording Objective 13: Meaning, Format and Features of Sales Book 13.1 Format of Sales Book 13.2 Explanation and Procedure for Recording Transaction Objective 14: Meaning and Features of Purchases Returns Book 14.1 Explanation and Procedure for Recording Purchases Returns Transactions 14.2 What is an ‘Allowance’? 14.2.1 Accounting Treatment Objective 15: Meaning and Features of Purchases Returns Book Objective 16: Meaning of Bills of Exchange Specimen and Meaning of Some Important Terms 16.1 Bills of Exchange 16.2 Specimen or Format of Bill of Exchange 16.3 Meaning of Important Terms Objective 17: Procedure of Recording Transactions in B/R and B/P Books 17.1 Bills Receivable and Bills Payable Books 17.2 Bills Receivable Book 17.2.1 Proforma of Bills Receivable Book 17.3 Bills Payable Book 17.4 Posting of Bills Receivable and Bills Payable Books 17.4.1 Bills Receivable Book 17.4.2 Bills Payable Book Objective 18: Journal Proper and Different Kinds of Entries Summary Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Chapter 7: Accounting Process – From Journal to Trial Balance Objective 1: Meaning of Trial Balance Objective 2: Objectives and Salient Features of Trial Balance 2.1 Objectives of a Trial Balance 2.2 Salient Features of a Trial Balance Objective 3: Methods of Preparation of a Trial Balance 3.1 Totals Method 3.2 Balances Method 3.3 Totals cum Balances Method Objective 4: Concept of Errors Objective 5: Kinds of Errors 5.1 Errors of Principle 5.2 Clerical Errors 5.2.1 Errors of Omission 5.2.2 Errors of Commission 5.3 Compensating Errors Objective 6: Classification of Errors (Based on the Impact of Errors on Trial Balance) Objective 7: Rectification of Errors 7.1 Rectification of Errors which do not Affect the Trial Balance 7.2 Rectification of Errors Affecting Trial Balance Objective 8: Steps to Locate the Errors in Trial Balance Objective 9: Meaning of Suspense Account and its Accounting Treatment Summary Key Terms References Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Chapter 8: Accounting Process – From Trial Balance to Final Accounts and Final Accounts of Non-corporate Business Entities Introduction Objective 1: Accounting Process – Preparation of Final Accounts from Trial Balance Objective 2: Trading Account 2.1 Trading Account: A Constituent of Final Accounts 2.2 Preparation of Trading Account Objective 3: Manufacturing Account 3.1 Meaning of Manufacturing Account 3.2 Pro-forma of a Manufacturing Account 3.3 Differences Between Trading Account and Manufacturing Account Objective 4: Profit and Loss Account 4.1 Profit and Loss Account: Meaning and Features 4.2 Closing Entries Relating to Profit and Loss Account 4.3 Pro-forma of Profit and Loss Account 4.3.1 Uses of Profit and Loss Account 4.4 Explanation of Some of the Terms Appearing in Profit and Loss Account Objective 5: Balance Sheet 5.1 Meaning and Features of a Balance Sheet 5.2 Contents of the Balance Sheet 5.3 Grouping and Marshalling of Assets and Liabilities: Meaning of Grouping and Marshalling 5.4 In the Order of Liquidity 5.5 In the Order of Performance Objective 6: Uses of Balance Sheet Objective 7: Differences Between Trial Balance and Balance Sheet 7.1 Stock at the End or Closing Stock 7.2 Accrued Expenses or Outstanding Expenses 7.3 Prepaid Expenses 7.4 Accrued Income 7.5 Income Received in Advance (or) (Unearned Income or Unaccrued Income) 7.6 Description of Fixed Assets 7.7 Bad Debts 7.8 Provision for Bad and Doubtful Debts 7.9 Provision for Discount on Debtors 7.10 Provision (or) Reserve for Discount on Creditors 7.11 Adjustment of Interest on Capital 7.12 Interest on Drawings 7.13 Abnormal Loss of Stock 7.14 Insurance Premium 7.15 Salaries and Wages 7.16 Commission on Profit 7.17 Goods Sent on Approval: Meaning and Accounting Treatment 7.18 Goods-in-Transit 7.19 Bad Debts Written off Recovered 7.20 Withdrawals, Samples and Free Gifts 7.21 Income Tax 7.22 Provident Fund: Employee’s and Employer’s Contribution Summary Key Terms References Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Chapter 9: Capital and Revenue – Expenditures and Receipts Objective 1: Meaning of Capital Expenditure and Examples 1.1 Examples Objective 2: Meaning and Features of Revenue Expenditure 2.1 Examples Objective 3: Deferred Revenue Expenditure Objective 4: Revenue Expenditure: To be Treated as Capital Expenditures Objective 5: Distinction Between Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure Objective 6: Capital and Revenue Receipts 6.1 Concepts of Capital and Revenue Receipts Objective 7: Meaning of Capitalised Expenditure Objective 8: Capital Profit and Revenue Profit 8.1 Concepts of Capital Profit and Revenue Profit Objective 9: Capital and Revenue Lo sses 9.1 Capital and Revenue Payments Summary Key Terms References Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Chapter 10: Accounting for Not-for-profit Organisations Introduction Objective 1: Meaning and Salient Features of NPOs 1.1 Salient Features of NPOs Objective 2: Meaning and Features of Receipts and Payments Account 2.1 Receipts and Payments Account 2.2 Features of Receipts and Payments Account Objective 3: Preparation of Receipts and Payments Account Objective 4: Meaning and Main Features of Income and Expenditure Account 4.1 Meaning 4.2 Main Features of Income and Expenditure Account Objective 5: Distinction Between Receipts and Payments Account and Income and Expenditure Account Objective 6: Accounting Treatment of Some Special Items 6.1 Subscription 6.1.1 Meaning 6.1.2 Accounting Treatment 6.2 Category II: Life Membership 6.3 Treatment of Fund Income (and Fund Expenses) 6.4 Legacy 6.5 Donations 6.5.1 Specific Donations 6.5.2 General Donations 6.6 Endowment Fund 6.7 Entrance Fees 6.8 Aid from Government and Other Institutions 6.9 Capital Expenditures 6.10 Current Years’ Expenditure 6.10.1 Consumable Items 6.10.2 Expenses – Salary 6.10.3 Sale of Fixed Assets 6.10.4 Sale of Sports Material 6.10.5 Sale of Old Newspapers and Magazines 6.10.6 Honorarium 6.10.7 Revenue Expenses Objective 7: Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account from Receipts and Payments Account Objective 8: Preparation of Opening and Closing Balance Sheets 8.1 Preparation of “Opening Balance Sheet” 8.2 Preparation of “Closing Balance Sheet” Objective 9: Preparation of Receipts and Payments Account from Income and Expenditure Account 9.1 Preparation of Various Accounts Objective 10: Preparation of Receipts and Expenditure Account for Professionals 10.1 General Features 10.2 Steps in the Preparation of Accounts of Professional Firm Summary Key Terms References Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Question Bank – Exercises Chapter 11: The Nature of Depreciation Introduction Objective 1: Definition of Depreciation Objective 2: Characteristic Features of “Depreciation” Objective 3: Accounting Concept of Depreciation Objective 4: Salient Features Objective 5: The Causes of Depreciation 5.1 Physical Features 5.2 Functional Factors Objective 6: Need for Depreciation Objective 7: Factors Affecting Amount of Depreciation Objective 8: Depreciation on Assets Objective 9: Accounting Treatment 9.1 Method 1: By Charging to Asset Account Directly 9.2 Method 2: By Creating Provision for Depreciation Objective 10: Methods of Providing (Allocating) Depreciation 10.1 Straight Line Method: (or) Fixed (or) Equal Installment Method: Meaning, Formula, Merits, Demerits and Suitability 10.1.1 Meaning 10.1.2 Formula 10.1.3 Merits of this Method 10.1.4 Demerits 10.1.5 Applicability 10.2 Written Down Value Method (or) Diminishing Balance Method (or) Reducing Balance Method: Meaning, Formula, Merit, Demerit and Suitability 10.2.1 Meaning 10.2.2 Formula: Rate of Depreciation (WDV Method) 10.2.3 Merits 10.2.4 Demerits 10.2.5 Suitability 10.2.6 Distinction Between Straight Line Method and Written Down Value Method 10.3 Provision for Depreciation/Accumulated Depreciation: Passing of Entries and Preparation of Accounts 10.4 Procedure for Change in the Method of Depreciation 10.5 Annuity Method: Meaning and Features 10.5.1 Advantages 10.5.2 Demerits 10.5.3 Suitability 10.6 Sinking Fund Method (or) Depreciation Fund Method: Meaning, Merits, Demerits and Suitability 10.6.1 Meaning 10.6.2 Merits 10.6.3 Demerits 10.6.4 Suitability 10.6.5 Differences between Annuity Method and Sinking Fund Method 10.6.6 Accounting Treatment for Sinking Fund Method 10.6.7 Calculation of the amount of Investments to be made 10.6.8 Sum-of-the-years’-digits method Objective 11: Choice of Depreciation Method Objective 12: Is Depreciation a Source of Income or Expense? Objective 13: Provision: Meaning, Examples, Objectives, Accounting Treatment and Disclosure 13.1 Meaning 13.2 Examples of Provisions 13.3 Objectives 13.4 Accounting Treatment 13.5 Disclosure Objective 14: Reserves 14.1 Meaning 14.2 Objectives 14.3 Distinction Between Provision and Reserve 14.4 Types of Reserves 14.4.1 Capital Reserve 14.4.2 Revenue Reserve 14.4.3 General Reserve 14.4.4 Specific Reserve 14.4.5 Difference Between Capital Reserve and Revenue Reserve Objective 15: Provision for Repairs and Renewals: Meaning and Accounting Treatment Objective 16: Accounting Standard (AS)–6 16.1 Salient features of AS–6 (Revised) Summary Key Terms References Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Chapter 12: Inventory – Valuation Introduction Objective 1: Meaning Objective 2: Significance of Inventory Valuation Objective 3: Inventory Record Systems 3.1 Periodic Inventory System 3.2 Perpetual Inventory System 3.3 Distinction Between Periodic Inventory System and Perpetual Inventory System Objective 4: Valuation of Inventories 4.1 Important Concepts 4.2 Cost Formulae Objective 5: Specific Identification of Costs Objective 6: First-in-first-out Method 6.1 Merits 6.2 Demerits Objective 7: Last-in-first-out Method (LIFO) 7.1 Merits 7.2 Demerits Objective 8: Weighted Average Method 8.1 Procedure Under Periodic Inventory System 8.2 Procedure Under Perpetual Inventory System 8.2.1 Merits 8.2.2 Demerits Objective 9: Choice of Inventory Valuation Methods Objective 10: Valuation of Inventory as on the Balance Sheet 10.1 Method I 10.2 Method II Objective 11: Accounting Standard-2 (Revised) Summary Key Terms References Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Essay-type Questions Exercises Chapter 13: Partnership Accounts Introduction Objective 1: Dissolution of Partnership 1.1 When may a Partnership be Dissolved? 1.2 Dissolution of a Firm 1.3 Dissolution by Notice 1.4 Dissolution by Court Objective 2: Distinction Between Dissolution of Partnership and Dissolution of Firm Objective 3: Treatment of Some Accounts at the Time of Dissolution 3.1 Treatment of Loss: Section 48 (a) 3.2 Treatment of Assets: Section 48 (b) 3.3 Treatment of Firm’s Debts and Private Debts Objective 4: Accounting Treatment 4.1 Preparation of Realisation Account 4.2 Meaning and Features of Realisation Account 4.3 Procedure to Record Entries for Various Items and Preparation of Realisation Account Objective 5: Accounting Treatment on Dissolution 5.1 Account Treatment on Dissolution of a Firm 5.2 Realisation Account 5.3 Cash or Bank Account (Ledger) 5.4 Partner’s Capital Account 5.5 Partners Loan Account: (Loan by Partner) Objective 6: Goodwill 6.1 Accounting Treatment 6.2 Unrecorded Assets and Liabilities 6.2.1 Unrecorded Assets: 6.2.2 Unrecorded Liabilities: 6.3 Memorandum Balance Sheet Objective 7: Preparation of Balance Sheet as on the Date of Dissolution 7.1 Preparation of Balance Sheet as on the Date of Dissolution 7.1.1 Model 7.1.2 Model 7.1.3 Model 7.2 Accounting Procedure 7.3 Assets and Liabilities Taken Over by Partner(s) Accounting Procedure Objective 8: Return of Premium (Goodwill) (Section 51) 8.1 Gift of Firm – Asset to Partners 8.2 Gift to a Partner Objective 9: Insolvency of Partner(s) 9.1 Meaning of Insolvency 9.2 Garner vs. Murray Rule 9.2.1 Decision of the Court in Garner vs. Murray 9.2.2 Important ingredients of Garner vs. Murray decision 9.2.3 To apply Garner vs. Murray decision, the following criteria are to be fulfilled 9.3 Students Should Remember these Criteria 9.4 Accounting Procedure when Capitals are Fixed 9.5 Accounting Procedure when Capitals are Fluctuating or Floating 9.5.1 Insolvency – Comprehensive 9.5.2 Pre-dissolution Adjustments 9.5.3 Model Objective 10: All Partners are Insolvent 10.1 Accounting Treatment 10.2 Use of Algebraic Equation Objective 11: Minor and Partnership Dissolution 11.1 Minor’s Status in Partnership Dissolution 11.2 Minor and Insolvency 11.3 Garner vs. Murray Rule in Case of Commission to a Partner as Expense of the Business Objective 12: Sale of Partnership Firm to a Limited Company 12.1 Meaning 12.2 Salient Features 12.3 Meaning and Computation of “Purchase Consideration” 12.3.1 Net Assets Method 12.3.2 Net Payment Method 12.4 Procedure 12.5 Accounting Entries 12.6 Purchase Consideration Objective 13: Piecemeal Distribution 13.1 Meaning of Piecemeal Distribution 13.1.1 Order of disbursement of cash 13.1.2 Methods of Distribution of Cash among the Partners 13.2 Proportionate or Surplus Capital Method 13.3 Maximum Possible Loss Method 13.3.1 Cash Disbursement 13.3.2 Rule of Garner vs. Murray 13.3.3 Presumptions Under Maximum Loss Method 13.3.4 Advantages of this Method Summary Key Terms References Objective-type Questions Short Answer-type Questions Exercises