Snow Crystals. A Case Study in Spontaneous Structure Formation

Description

Cover Contents Preface One. Snow Crystal Science Complex Symmetry A Brief History of Snow Crystal Science Twenty-First-Century Snowflakes No Two Alike? Two. Ice Crystal Structure Ice Crystallography Surface Premelting Ice Energetics Molecular Dynamics Simulations Surface Energy Considerations Snow Crystal Twinning Three. Diffusion-Limited Growth Faceting and Branching Free Dendrites Diffusion in Snow Crystal Growth The Spherical Solution Additional Analytic Solutions Solvability Theory Snow Crystal Aerodynamics Order and Chaos Four. Attachment Kinetics Ice Kinetics Large-Facet Attachment Kinetics Structure-Dependent Attachment Kinetics Explaining the Nakaya Diagram The Morphological Nexus at -5°C Snow Crystal Cartography Dislocation-Mediated Growth Chemical Vapor Effects Five. Computational Snow Crystals A Progression of Snow Crystal Models Spherical Cellular Automata Cylindrically Symmetric Cellular Automata Three-Dimensional Cellular Automata Six. Laboratory Snow Crystals Free-Fall Snow Crystals Substrate Support Levitation Continuous Diffusion Chambers Snow Crystal Imaging Seven. Simple Ice Prisms Precision Ice Growth Measurements A Tale of Two Experiments Simple-Prism Convergence Eight. Electric Ice Needles Snowflake on a Stick E-Needle Formation An E-Needle Dual Diffusion Chamber The Nakaya Diagram on E-Needles Simplest E-Needle Growth An Analysis Example: E-Needles at -15°C E-Needle Vignettes Nine. Designer Snow Crystals The Plate-on-Pedestal Method Illumination and Postprocessing PoP Growth Behaviors Identical-Twin Snow Crystals PoP Art Ten. Natural Snowflakes Snowflake Watching Eleven. Snowflake Photography Finding Snowflakes Optics and Lenses Illumination Matters Appendix—list of Variables and Physical Constants Bibliography Index