Critical Care Transport.

Description

Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Contents Skill Drills Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview of Critical Care Transport Introduction Trends in Patient Transportation Definitions Critical Care Team Composition and Qualifications Crew Configurations Educational Qualifications Types of Critical Care Transport Professionals Modes of Transportation Equipment Mobile Units Rotor-Wing Aircraft Fixed-Wing Aircraft The Transport Process Dispatch Transport Choreography Transporting by Ground Versus Air Medical Oversight State and National Standards Reimbursement Well-Being Stress Safety Interpersonal Communication Quality Assurance and Improvement The History of Critical Care Transport Ground Transport Air Transport Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 2 Medical-Legal Issues Welcome to the Legal World Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act Obligations, Duties, and Accountability of CCTPs Consequences of Violating EMTALA EMTALA and the CCTP: Case Scenarios Legal Implications and Constraints for CCTPs Dealing With the Threat of Litigation Key Responsibilities of CCTPs Patients’ Rights The Right to Establish Advance Directives The Right to Say No (Refuse Treatment or Transport) The Right to Consent The Right to Appropriate Care and the Concept of Negligence The Right to Confidentiality and the HIPAA Privacy Rule Legal Issues Related to Transport Preparation Communication With the Health Care Team Transfer Preparation Documentation and Medical Records Patient Assessment Transport Responsibilities Medical Direction Personnel Qualifications Actions During Transport Transport Completion Documentation Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 3 Patient Safety History of Quality as a Health Care Discipline Scope of the Problem Quality of EMS Care What Is Patient Safety? Error Versus Harm Near Miss/Close Call Medical Errors Safety Culture Just Culture Highly Reliable Organizations Types of Errors Commonly Occurring in Health Care Medication and Prescription Errors Wrong Patient Identification/Wrong-Side Procedures Errors During Transitions of Care and Handoffs Why Do Health Care Errors Occur? Systems Approach Swiss Cheese Model Handling Serious Errors Strategies to Avoid Errors Six Sigma Lean Crew Resource Management Simulation Training Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Quality in EMS Settings Clinical Judgment Error Reporting Communications Vehicle and Provider Safety Air Transport Safety Interfacility Transport Mitigation Strategies for Adverse Events During Interfacility Transport Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 4 Aircraft Fundamentals and Flight Physiology Introduction The Air Medical Role The Atmosphere Atmospheric Composition Layers of the Atmosphere Physiologic Zones of the Atmosphere Barometric Pressure Gas Laws Boyle’s Law Charles’s Law Dalton’s Law Fick’s Law Henry’s Law Universal Gas Law Gay-Lussac’s Law Graham’s Law Formulas Based on the Eight Gas Laws Medical Transport Aircraft Rotor-Wing Transport Fixed-Wing Transport Pressurized Versus Nonpressurized Aircraft The Air Medical Crew Air Medical Crew Configuration Primary Stressors of Flight Decreased Levels of Po2 Barometric Pressure Changes Thermal Changes Vibration Decreased Humidity Noise Fatigue Gravitational Forces Spatial Disorientation and Illusions of Flight Third Spacing Flicker Vertigo Fuel Vapors Weather Anxiety Night Flying Factors Affecting Tolerance of the Physiologic Stressors of Flight Illness Medications Stress Alcohol Fatigue Emotion Tobacco Hypoglycemia Additional Stressors Hypoxia Effective Performance Time and Time of Useful Consciousness Types of Hypoxia Four Stages of Hypoxia As They Relate to Altitude Hyperventilation Versus Hypoxia Recognition and Treatment of Altitude-Induced Hypoxia Supplemental Oxygen Requirements Dysbarism and Evolved Gas Disorders Barotitis Media Barosinusitis Barodontalgia Decompression Sickness Operational Issues Related to Medical Transport Communications Instrument Flight Rules Versus Visual Flight Rules Initiating a Flight and Flight Following Identifying Flight and Scene Locations Air Medical Safety Air Medical Crashes Causes of Air Medical Crashes Making the Industry Safer Crew Resource Management Federal Aviation Administration Guidelines Weather-Related Issues Crew Safety Precautions Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 5 Patient Assessment Introduction Patient Assessment in the Critical Care Environment Forming a Diagnosis and Treatment Plan Bridging Environments and Disciplines Scene Versus Interfacility Transport Scene Transport Interfacility Transport Arrival at the Transferring Facility Obtaining a Patient History The Hospital Patient Care Record Differing Assessment Models The Bedside Assessment Assessment of General Appearance Cardiovascular Assessment Respiratory Assessment Neurologic Assessment Gastrointestinal Assessment Genitourinary Assessment Musculoskeletal Assessment Psychosocial and Emotional Assessment Packaging for Transport Reassessment During Transport Patient Handoff and Documentation Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 6 Respiratory Emergencies, Airway Management, and Ventilation Introduction Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Upper Airway Structures Lower Airway Structures Pediatric Considerations Physiology of the Respiratory System Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Pathophysiology: Obstructive and Restrictive Disease States Patient Assessment Breath Sound Assessment Techniques Auscultation Normal and Abnormal Respiratory Patterns Palpation Assessment in Preparation for Transport ABG Monitoring Respiratory and Ventilation Abnormalities Basic Airway Management Positioning Airway Adjuncts Suction Oxygen Administration Advanced Airway Management Predicting the Difficult Airway Intubation Laryngeal Mask Airway King Airway Surgical Airways Pharmacologic Agents Used in Rapid Sequence Intubation Sedative/Induction Agents Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Tracheostomy Management Mechanical Ventilation Negative Pressure Ventilators Positive Pressure Ventilators Invasive Versus Noninvasive Ventilation High-Flow Nasal Cannula Ventilator Modes and Parameters Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Nitric Oxide Ventilator Management Troubleshooting Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 7 Critical Care Pharmacology Introduction Pharmacology and Medication Information A Practical Approach to Medication Administration Pharmacokinetics Absorption Distribution Biotransformation Elimination Pharmacodynamics Theories of Drug Action Drug-Response Relationship Factors Affecting Drug Responses Predictable Responses Iatrogenic Responses Unpredictable Responses Avoiding Medication Errors Medication Management Medication Storage Security of Controlled Medications Specific Medications Used in Critical Care Transport Vasopressors Inotropes Vasodilators and Antihypertensives Sedatives, Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Anticonvulsants Neuromuscular-Blocking Agents Histamine Antagonists and Proton-Pump Inhibitors Antiemetic/Gastrointestinal Medications Pulmonary Medications Antiarrhythmics Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics Miscellaneous Medications Medication Infusion Technique Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 8 Laboratory Analysis and Diagnostic Studies Introduction Principles of Analysis Specimen Cultures Chemistry Review Ions Osmolarity Biochemistry Review Lab Profiles Lab Values in Blood Samples Blood Components Proteins Coagulation Osmolality Ethanol Calculated Values Blood Gases Acid-Base Status Oxygenation Status Obtaining Blood Samples Arterial Blood Samples Venous Blood Samples Blood Tube Uses Point-of-Care Testing Regulation of Laboratory and Point-of-Care Testing Implications for Critical Care Transport Professionals Urine Lab Values Color Appearance Specific Gravity pH Glucose Ketone Bodies Protein Blood and Hemoglobin Electrolytes Diagnostic Imaging Standard Radiographs Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasonography Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 9 Resuscitation, Shock, and Blood Products Introduction Cellular Respiration Microcirculation and the Cell: Oxygen Transport and Utilization Shock Initial Stage Compensatory Stage Decompensatory Stage: Progressive Shock Refractory Stage: Irreversible Shock Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Classification of Shock Cardiogenic Shock Hypovolemic Shock Distributive Shock Sepsis Types of Sepsis Epidemiology Pathophysiology Assessment Management Blood Administration ABO System Blood Products Procedure Transfusion Reactions Blood Transfusion Management Considerations Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 10 Trauma Advances in Trauma Care Scenarios Involving Trauma Patients Morbidity and Mortality Overview of Trauma Newton’s Laws of Motion Types of Trauma Triage START Triage JumpSTART Triage for Pediatric Patients Trauma Scoring Systems Glasgow Coma Scale Trauma Score Revised Trauma Score Abbreviated Injury Scale Injury Severity Score Trauma Injury Severity Score Trauma Systems Levels of Trauma Care Classification of Trauma Patients Interfacility Transport Trauma Management The Hypothermia–Acidosis–Coagulopathy Triad Hypothermia Acidosis Coagulopathy Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma Standard Radiographs Computed Tomography Ultrasonography Transthoracic Echocardiography and Transesophageal Echocardiography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Intra-abdominal Pressure Monitoring Transport Considerations Thoracic Trauma Pneumothorax Hemothorax Management: Chest Tube Insertion Flail Chest Pericardial Tamponade Pericardial Window Aortic Dissection/Transection Myocardial Contusion Diaphragmatic Rupture Tracheobronchial Disruption Pulmonary Contusion Esophageal Perforation Traumatic Asphyxia Facial Trauma Ear Injuries Eye Injuries Mandibular Fracture and Dislocation Dental Avulsion Neck Injuries Laryngotracheal Injuries Thyroid Injuries Vascular Neck Injuries Abdominal Trauma Blunt Versus Penetrating Trauma Challenges in Diagnosing Abdominal Trauma Assessment Management Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta Hollow Versus Solid Organ Injury Spleen Liver Stomach Large and Small Intestines Vascular Injuries Pelvic Trauma Pelvic Fracture Open-Book Fractures Extremity Trauma Musculoskeletal Injuries Fractures Compartment Syndrome Rhabdomyolysis and Crush Syndrome Pulseless Extremity Trauma to Special Populations Geriatric Trauma Trauma During Pregnancy Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 11 Neurologic Emergencies Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain Cerebral Circulation Anatomy and Physiology of the Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Neurologic Examination Mental and Emotional Status Speech Function Assessment of Cranial Nerves Assessment of Motor Function Assessment of Sensory Function Reflex Testing Evaluation of Meningeal Irritation Lhermitte Phenomenon Vital Signs Neurologic Diagnostics Laboratory Assessment Traumatic Brain Injury Primary Brain Injury Secondary Brain Injury Specific Neurologic Injuries Scalp Injuries Skull Fractures Facial Fractures Brain Injuries Intracranial Pressure Physiology Cerebral Blood Flow Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Pathophysiology of Increased Intracranial Pressure Clinical Manifestations of Increased ICP ICP Monitoring Multimodality Monitoring Treatment Options for Increased ICP Brain Herniation Spinal Cord Injuries Mechanism of Injury Primary Versus Secondary Spinal Cord Injury Complete Versus Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Spinal and Neurogenic Shock Assessment of SCI Management of SCI Complications of SCI Stroke Mechanism of Injury Types of Stroke Side Effects of Stroke Assessment of Stroke Management of Stroke Intracerebral Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Assessment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Acute Guillain-Barré Syndrome Seizures and Epilepsy Transport Considerations Prior to Transport Scene and Interhospital Transport Considerations Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 12 Burns Introduction Anatomy and Function of the Skin The Epidermis The Dermis The Process of Healing Functions of the Skin Physiology of Burns Causes of Burns Anatomy of a Burn Systemic Inflammatory Response of the Burned Patient Classification of Burn Injuries Burn Extent and Depth Burn Size Burn Severity Criteria for Referral to a Burn Center Assessment Airway Breathing Circulation Management Stopping the Burn Circulation Wound Management and Dressings Wound Infections and Treatment Pain Control Other Issues Special Situations Renal Failure and Rhabdomyolysis Ocular Burns Facial Burns Ear Burns Circumferential Burns and Compartment Syndrome Hand and Foot Burns Genitalia Burns Pediatric Burns and Child Abuse Electrical Burns Chemical Burns Hydrocarbon Burns Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syndrome Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 13 Electrophysiology, Cardiac Devices, and Transport Management Introduction Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology The Heart The Blood Vessels Functioning of the Pump The Electrical Conduction System of the Heart Cardiac Monitoring: 12-Lead ECG Monitoring Versus Assessment Lead Placement Confirmation of Lead Placement Recording the 12-Lead ECG Interpretation of the 12-Lead ECG Axis Determination The Hexaxial System Normal Versus Pathologic Measurements Calculation of Axis Direction and Intensity Causes of Axis Deviations Bundle Branch Blocks and Hemiblocks Bundle Branch Blocks Hemiblocks Bifascicular Blocks Trifascicular Blocks Selected ECG Findings Hyperacute T Waves ST-Segment Elevation Hypertrophy Pre-excitation Syndromes Pericarditis Long QT Syndrome Ventricular and Wide Complex Tachycardia Electrolyte Imbalances and Drug Effects Conditions That Mimic Myocardial Infarction Cardiac Disease Coronary Artery Disease and Angina Myocardial Infarction Cardiomyopathy Heart Failure Pulmonary Edema Cardiac Electrophysiology Therapeutic Options for Patients With Arrhythmias Pacemakers Pacemakers and the ECG Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Transport Considerations Preparation Transport-Related Issues Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 14 Hemodynamic Monitoring and Circulatory Support Introduction Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Output Heart Rate Preload Afterload Contractility Blood Pressure Arterial Lines Indications Contraindications Complications Arterial Line Placement Obtaining Invasive Hemodynamic Measurements Asepsis Central Venous Lines Indications Contraindications Complications Types of Central Venous Catheters Central Venous Catheter Placement Pulmonary Artery Catheters Indications Contraindications Pulmonary Artery Catheter Placement Invasive Pressure Measurements Measurements From an Arterial Line Measurements From a Central Venous Line Additional Measurements From a Pulmonary Artery Catheter Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Systemic Vascular Resistance Stroke Volume Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation Heart Failure Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Mechanics of IABP Function Physiologic Effects of IABP Therapy Balloon Volume or Augmentation Waveform Changes and Triggers Evaluation of an IABP Waveform Evaluation of IABP Timing IAB Insertion Patient Assessment Transport Considerations Circulatory-Support Devices Continuous-Flow Pumps Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Ventricular-Assist Devices Total Artif icial Heart Potential Complications During Transport Complications Related to Hemodynamic Monitoring Complications Related to IABP Therapy Shock Flight Considerations Effects of Altitude Changes on Hemodynamic Monitoring Effects of Altitude Changes on IABP Therapy Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 15 Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Emergencies Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Gastrointestinal System Genitourinary System Conditions Affecting the Alimentary Canal Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Assessment Management Intestinal Obstructions Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Assessment Management In-Flight Considerations for Intestinal Obstructions Liver Disease Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Assessment Management Biliary Tract Obstructions Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Assessment Management Pancreatic Disease Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Assessment Management Urinary System Conditions Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Kidney Disease Urinary Tract Infections Testicular Torsion Penile Fracture Priapism Maintenance Tubes Feeding Tubes Drainage Tubes In-Flight Considerations for Maintenance Tubes Metabolic Regulation of Acid-Base Status Acid-Base Physiology Intrinsic Regulation of Acid-Base Balance Metabolic Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 16 Endocrine Emergencies Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Thyroid Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Aldosterone Pancreas Diabetes Pathophysiology Assessment Management Pituitary Disorders Pathophysiology Assessment Management Adrenal Abnormalities Pathophysiology Assessment Management Thyroid Abnormalities Pathophysiology Assessment Management Lipid Disorders Antiphospholipid Syndrome Metabolic Syndrome Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 17 Environmental Emergencies Introduction Risk Factors Thermoregulation Basal Metabolic Rate Heat Transfer Expecting the Unexpected Heat Emergencies Risk Factors Heat Cramps Heat Syncope Heat Exhaustion Heatstroke Expecting the Unexpected Cold Emergencies Frostbite Hypothermia Expecting the Unexpected Drowning Treatment Diving Injuries and Decompression Sickness Treatment Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Flight Considerations Altitude Illness High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema High-Altitude Cerebral Edema Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 18 Infectious and Communicable Diseases Introduction Fundamental Principles of Infectious Disease Complexity of the Spread of Disease Classification The Human Immune System Types of Immunity Antigens Organs and Cells of the Immune System Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity Hypersensitivity Reactions Immunodeficiency Immunosuppression: Transplant Patients Pathogenicity Normal Bacteria Opportunistic Bacteria Pathogenic Bacteria Virulence Factors Viral Pathogenicity Epidemiology Reservoirs of Infection Modes of Transmission Selected Diseases Meningitis Respiratory Syncytial Virus Necrotizing Fasciitis Epiglottitis Tuberculosis Pneumonia Fungal Diseases Influenza Herpesviruses Viral Hepatitis Human Immunodeficiency Virus Rickettsial Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Escherichia coli O157:H7 West Nile Virus Strategies for the Treatment of Infectious Disease Antibiotics Antivirals The Post-Antibiotic Era Antibiotic Resistance Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Bioterrorism Exposure and Protection Immunizations Needlestick Injuries Universal, Standard, and Transmission-Based Precautions Isolation Precautions Handwashing Personal Protective Equipment Other Exposure Prevention Practices Work Practice Controls Post-Exposure Risks and Protocols Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 19 Toxicologic Emergencies Introduction General Toxicologic Emergency Management Assessment Laboratory Assessment Toxic Syndromes and Medication Reaction Syndromes Toxic Syndromes (Toxidromes) Medication Reaction Syndromes Decontamination Skin Decontamination Ocular Decontamination Gastric Decontamination Enhanced Elimination Specific Toxicologic Emergencies Pharmaceutical and Abuse Agents Chemical Agents Highly Toxic Substances Hazardous Materials Response CCTPs’ Role at Hazardous Materials Scenes Transport Considerations Radiation Emergencies Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 20 Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergencies Introduction Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System Conception and Gestation Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Gastrointestinal System Renal and Endocrine Systems Dermatologic Changes Critical Care Transport of the Pregnant Patient Cardiac Arrest Management of the Pregnant Patient Fetal Assessment and Monitoring Fetal Circulation, Oxygenation, and Heart Rate Fetal Assessment Electronic Fetal Monitoring Complications of Pregnancy Spontaneous Abortion Ectopic Pregnancy Bleeding Medical Conditions During Pregnancy Hypertension During Pregnancy Preeclampsia and Eclampsia HELLP Syndrome Complications During Labor Transition of Fetal Circulation at Birth Preterm Labor Prolonged Pregnancy Delivery Malpresentations Umbilical Cord Prolapse Shoulder Dystocia Multiple Births Postdelivery Care Postdelivery Complications Postpartum Hemorrhage Amniotic Fluid Embolism Rh Incompatibility and Erythroblastosis Fetalis Uterine Inversion Gynecologic Emergencies Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Toxic Shock Syndrome Ovarian Cysts Ovarian Torsion Gynecologic Trauma Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 21 Neonatal Emergencies Introduction Anatomy and Physiology of a Neonate Thermoregulation Respiratory Structure and Function Oxygen Transport Cardiovascular Function Transitional Circulation Renal Function Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Central Nervous System, Nociception, and the Stress Response Developmental Aspects of Pain Skeletal Development Neonatal Assessment and Stabilization Risk Factors for Neonates Cord Clamping Apgar Score Laboratory Assessment Stabilization and Management Neonatal Resuscitation Primary Assessment: Airway, Breathing, and Circulation Airway and Breathing Management Circulation Pharmacologic Interventions Ventilation During Transport Additional Transport Considerations Respiratory Conditions Apnea Causes of Respiratory Distress in a Neonate Management of Respiratory Distress and Failure Cardiovascular Conditions Cyanosis Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Tachyarrhythmias and Bradyarrhythmias Cardiac Arrest Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Shock Anemia Gastrointestinal Conditions Abdominal Wall Defects Gastrointestinal Obstruction and Vomiting Acute Intestinal Perforation Intussusception Diarrhea Infectious Diseases/Sepsis Hyperthermia/Hypothermia Toxic Exposure Trauma/Birth Injuries Head and Neck Injuries Nerve Injuries Bone and Other Injuries Abuse/Maltreatment Neurologic Conditions Seizures Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Lethargy Metabolic Conditions Metabolic Acidosis Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Inborn Errors of Metabolism The Transfer Process for a Neonate Using an Incubator Family Communication and Support Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 22 Pediatric Emergencies Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Neurologic System Musculoskeletal System Gastrointestinal System Renal System Thermoregulation Metabolism Glucose Requirements Growth and Development Physical Growth and Development Psychosocial Growth and Development Approach to Parents and Caregivers Pediatric Assessment History Pediatric Medication Delivery Airway Breathing Circulation Neurologic Assessment Renal Assessment Exposure Considerations Transport Considerations Equipment Interfacility Transport Considerations Mode of Transport Accompanying Parents and Caregivers Airway Management Devices Flow-Inflating Bag Self-Inflating Bag Oxygen Hood Shortened Tracheal Tube Blade Options Respiratory Conditions Croup Epiglottitis Foreign Body Airway Obstruction Inflammation Asthma Bronchiolitis Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Pneumonia Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Apparent Life-Threatening Events Cardiac Conditions Shock Cardiac Anomalies Pediatric ECG Interpretation Renal Conditions Prerenal Disorders Intrarenal Disorders Postrenal Disorders Complications of Acute Renal Failure Meningococcal Infections Trauma Traumatic Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injuries Breathing Abnormalities Abuse and Neglect Hypothermia During Transport Drowning Flight Considerations Summary Case Study Prep Kit Chapter 23 Bariatric and Special Situations Introduction Bariatric Surgery Patients Types of Bariatric Surgery Complications of Bariatric Surgery Oxygen Consumption Dispatch Procedures Moving Bariatric Surgery Patients Special Considerations with Bariatric Surgery Patients Reimbursement Issues Excited Delirium Syndrome Risk Factors Pathophysiology Signs and Symptoms Treatment Interfacility Transport Monitoring Children With Special Health Care Needs Congenital Heart Disease Hematology-Oncology Pediatric Patients Pediatric Patients With Venous Access Devices Pediatric Patients With Respiratory Disorders Pediatric Patients With Neurologic Disorders Pediatric Patients With Gastrointestinal Disorders Special Considerations With Pediatric Patients Summary Case Study Prep Kit Glossary Index