Foundations of Astronomy

Description

Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page CONTENTS A Note to Students About the Authors PART 1 Exploring the Sky 1- Here and Now 1-1 Where are You? 1-2 When is Now? 1-3 Why Study Astronomy? Study and Review 2- A User's Guide to the Sky 2-1 Stars and Constellations 2-2 The Sky and Celestial Motions 2-3 Sun and Planets 2-4 Astronomical Influences on Earth's Climate Study and Review 3- Moon Phases and Eclipses 3-1 The Changeable Moon 3-2 Lunar Eclipses 3-3 Solar Eclipses 3-4 Predicting Eclipses Study and Review 4- Origins of Modern Astronomy 4-1 Roots of Astronomy 4-2 The Copernican Revolution 4-3 Tycho, Kepler, and Planetary Motion 4-4 Galileo Finds Conclusive Evidence 4-5 Ninety-Nine Years That Revolutionized Astronomy Study and Review 5- Gravity 5-1 Galileo's and Newton's Two New Sciences 5-2 Orbital Motion and Tides 5-3 Einstein and Relativity Study and Review 6- Light and Telescopes 6-1 Radiation: Information from Space 6-2 Telescopes 6-3 Observatories on Earth: Optical and Radio 6-4 Airborne and Space Observatories 6-5 Astronomical Instruments and Techniques 6-6 Non-Electromagnetic Astronomy Study and Review PART 2 The Stars 7- Atoms and Spectra 7-1 Atoms 7-2 Interactions of Light and Matter 7-3 Understanding Spectra Study and Review 8- The Sun 8-1 The Solar Photosphere and Atmosphere 8-2 Solar Activity 8-3 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun Study and Review 9- The Family of Stars 9-1 Star Distances 9-2 Apparent Brightness, Intrinsic Brightness, and Luminosity 9-3 Stellar Spectra 9-4 Star Sizes 9-5 Star Masses-Binary Stars 9-6 A Census of the Stars Study and Review 10- The Interstellar Medium 10-1 Studying the Interstellar Medium 10-2 Components of the Interstellar Medium 10-3 The Gas-Stars-Gas Cycle Study and Review 11- The Formation and Structure of Stars 11-1 Making Stars from the Interstellar Medium 11-2 The Orion Nebula: Evidence of Star Formation 11-3 Young Stellar Objects and Protostellar Disks 11-4 Stellar Structure 11-5 The Source of Stellar Energy Study and Review 12- Stellar Evolution 12-1 Main-Sequence Stars 12-2 Post-Main-Sequence Evolution 12-3 Star Clusters: Evidence of Stellar Evolution 12-4 Variable Stars: Evidence of Stellar Evolution Study and Review 13- The Deaths of Stars 13-1 Low-Mass Stars 13-2 The Evolution of Binary Stars 13-3 High-Mass Stars 13-4 Observations of Supernovae 13-5 The End of Earth Study and Review 14- Neutron Stars and Black Holes 14-1 Neutron Stars 14-2 Black Holes 14-3 Compact Objects with Disks and Jets Study and Review PART 3 The Universe 15- The Milky Way Galaxy 15-1 Discovery of the Galaxy 15-2 Structure of the Galaxy 15-3 Spiral Arms and Star Formation 15-4 The Nucleus of the Galaxy 15-5 Origin and History of the Milky Way Galaxy Study and Review 16- Galaxies 16-1 The Family of Galaxies 16-2 Measuring the Properties of Galaxies 16-3 Evolution of Galaxies Study and Review 17- Active Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes 17-1 Active Galactic Nuclei 17-2 Supermassive Black Holes 17-3 A History of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes Study and Review 18- Modern Cosmology 18-1 Introduction to the Universe 18-2 The Big Bang Theory 18-3 Space and Time, Matter and Gravity 18-4 21st-Century Cosmology Study and Review PART 4 The Solar System 19- Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets 19-1 A Survey of the Solar System 19-2 The Great Chain of Origins 19-3 Building Planets 19-4 Planets Orbiting Other Stars Study and Review 20- Earth: The Active Planet 20-1 A Travel Guide to the Terrestrial Planets 20-2 Earth as a Planet 20-3 The Solid Earth 20-4 Earth's Atmosphere Study and Review 21- The Moon and Mercury: Comparing Airless Worlds 21-1 The Moon 21-2 Mercury Study and Review 22- Venus and Mars 22-1 Venus 22-2 Mars 22-3 Mars's Moons Study and Review 23- Jupiter and Saturn 23-1 A Travel Guide to the Outer Solar System 23-2 Jupiter 23-3 Jupiter's Moons and Rings 23-4 Saturn 23-5 Saturn's Moons and Rings Study and Review 24- Uranus, Neptune, and the Kuiper Belt 24-1 Uranus 24-2 Neptune 24-3 Pluto and the Kuiper Belt Study and Review 25- Meteorites, Asteroids, and Comets 25-1 Meteorites, Meteors, and Meteoroids 25-2 Asteroids 25-3 Comets 25-4 Asteroid and Comet Impacts Study and Review PART 5 Life 26- Astrobiology: Life on Other Worlds 26-1 The Nature of Life 26-2 Life in the Universe 26-3 Intelligent Life in the Universe Study and Review Afterword Appendix A: Units and Astronomical Data Appendix B: Observing the Sky ANSWERS to Even-Numbered Problems Glossary INDEX A B, C D E F, G H, I J, K L M N O, P Q, R S T U, V W, X, Y, Z Universe Bowl (Timeline) Flash Reference H-R Diagram Comparative Planetology Arrows