Mechanics of Biological Systems: Introduction to Mechanobiology and Experimental Techniques

Description

This book is an introduction to the mechanical properties, the force generating capacity, and the sensitivity to mechanical cues of the biological system. To understand how these qualities govern many essential biological processes, we also discuss how to measure them. However, before delving into the details and the techniques, we will first learn the operational definitions in mechanics, such as force, stress, elasticity, viscosity and so on. This book will explore the mechanics at three different length scales - molecular, cellular, and tissue levels - sequentially, and discuss the measurement techniques to quantify the intrinsic mechanical properties, force generating capacity, mechanoresponsive processes in the biological systems, and rupture forces. PRELIMS.pdf Author biographies Seungman Park Yun Chen CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Force, stress, and mechanical properties in biological systems 1.1 Overview References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 Mechanics primers and theoretical models for biomaterial characterization 2.1 Overview 2.2 Force 2.3 Stress 2.4 Parameters for mechanical properties 2.5 Basic rules of mechanics 2.5.1 Force equilibrium equations 2.5.2 Constitutive equations 2.5.3 Compatibility equations 2.6 Hyperelastic models 2.6.1 The Mooney–Rivlin model 2.6.2 The neo-Hooke model 2.6.3 The Ogden model 2.6.4 The Arruda–Boyce model 2.6.5 The Yeoh model 2.7 Viscoelastic model 2.7.1 The Maxwell model 2.7.2 The Kelvin–Voigt model 2.7.3 The Jeffreys three-element model 2.7.4 The Kelvin–Voigt four-element model 2.7.5 The Burgers model 2.7.6 The Prony model 2.7.7 The dynamic mechanical model 2.8 The poroelastic model References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 Important forces at the molecular level and how to measure them 3.1 Overview 3.2 Force generated by motor proteins 3.2.1 Myosin 3.2.2 Kinesin 3.2.3 Dynein 3.3 Forces generated by actin polymerization 3.4 Forces generated by microtubule polymerization 3.5 Force required for breaking intermolecular bonds 3.6 Torque 3.7 Supercoiling in DNA 3.8 Rotational energy during ATP synthesis 3.9 Force and torque measurement techniques at the molecular level 3.9.1 Optical tweezers 3.9.2 Atomic force microscopy 3.9.3 Molecular springs for tension measurement 3.9.4 DNA-based tension sensors 3.9.5 Centrifugal forces for bond strength measurement 3.9.6 Magnetic tweezers for torque measurement References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 Important forces at the cellular level and how to measure them 4.1 Overview 4.2 Force generation, transmission, and sensing at the cellular level 4.2.1 Focal adhesion 4.2.2 Adherens junctions 4.2.3 Cilia and flagella 4.2.4 Skeletal myofibers, cardiomyocytes, and smooth muscle cells 4.3 Cancer metastasis 4.4 Mechanosensitive gene expression 4.5 Mechanical properties of the cell 4.5.1 The whole cell 4.5.2 Nucleus 4.6 Force and mechanical property measurements 4.6.1 Magnetic tweezers 4.6.2 Microfluidics for mechanical property measurement 4.6.3 Micropipette aspiration 4.6.4 Microbead-based traction force microscopy 4.6.5 Micropillar-based traction force microscopy 4.6.6 Cell stretcher to probe cellular responses to tensional changes References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Important forces at the tissue level and how to measure them 5.1 Overview 5.2 Principles of force generation and coordination at the tissue level 5.2.1 Cardiac tissue 5.2.2 Skeletal muscles 5.2.3 Smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract 5.3 Mechanoresponsive processes at the tissue level 5.4 Force, stress, and mechanical property measurement techniques at the tissue level 5.4.1 Tensile stretching 5.4.2 Compression 5.4.3 Magnetic tweezers 5.4.4 Atomic force microscopy 5.4.5 Inflation/bulge tests 5.4.6 Magnetic resonance elastography 5.4.7 Tissue gauge and other post-based platforms 5.4.8 Muscle contraction assay References