Spatial Analysis in Field Primatology: Applying GIS at Varying Scales

Description

From foraging patterns in a single tree to social interactions across a home range, how primates use space is a key question in the field of primate behavioral ecology. Drawing on the latest advances in spatial analysis tools, this book offers practical guidance on applying geographic information systems (GIS) to central questions in primatology. An initial methodological section discusses niche modelling, home range analysis and agent-based modelling, with a focus on remote data collection. Research-based chapters demonstrate how ecologists apply this technology to a suite of topics including: calculating the intensity of use of both range and travel routes, assessing the impacts of logging, mining and hunting, and informing conservation strategies. Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Dedication Contents List of Contributors Acknowledgments 1 Why Place Matters, and its Use in Primate Behavioral and Ecological Research Introduction References Part I GPS for Primatologists Introduction Part I Summary References 2 Fundamentals of GIS and GPS Introduction What Is Spatial Information? What Are Spatial Technologies? Global Positioning Systems (GPS) GPS Positions and Sources of Error Minimizing Error Geographic Information Systems GIS Software A (Very) Brief History of GIS GIS Data Types Converting Between Vector and Raster Coordinate Systems (Datums and Projections) Map Scale GIS Analyses Vector Analyses Raster Analyses Basic Raster Functions Cartographic Models Uncertainty in Spatial Information References 3 ‘‘Next-Gen’’ Tracking in Primatology: Opportunities and Challenges How GPS Tags Work Sources of Error in GPS Tracking What Determines GPS Accuracy and Fix Success Rate? How Can GPS Accuracy be Improved? The Fundamental Tracking Trade-off: Life Span versus Sampling Frequency versus Weight Movement in Context: Sensor Integration in GPS Tags ‘‘Next-Gen’’ Tracking: Moving Beyond ‘‘Where’’ and ‘‘When’’ to ‘‘How’’ and ‘‘Why’’ An Ethical Note on Data Sharing Acknowledgments References 4 The Ethical Implications, and Practical Consequences, of Attaching Remote Telemetry Apparatus to Macaques Introduction Basic Ethical Guidelines Methods GPS Equipment GPS Field Test GPS: Subjects, Trapping, and Data Collection Tracking, Monitoring, and Data Download Crittercam Equipment Impact Analysis Results GPS Collar Connectivity and Drop-off Performance GPS Data Quality Crittercam Performance Impact Analysis Demeanor and Health Effects Discussion Conclusion References 5 Processing Geospatial Data in R: A Primer Introduction Reading Geographical Data in R Vector Data: GPX Files Raster Data Vector Data: Shapefiles Frequently Occurring Tasks Projecting and Transforming the Coordinate Reference System of a Dataset Measuring the Distance Between Points Cropping a Raster Dataset Creating a Raster Stack from Raster Layers Determining Home Range Shape Determining Whether Points Are Inside or Outside a Polygon Determining the Size of an Area Determining the Distance of Points from the Edge of a Shape Determining Overlap Between Two Areas Extracting Raster Values to Point Data Additional Resources Concluding Remarks References 6 Estimating Travel Distance and Linearity of Primate Routes: Ideas on How to Clean and Smooth Track Data Collected with a Handheld GPS GPS Accuracy Can Affect the Outcome of a Large Variety of Scientific Conclusions Issues Encountered When Tracking Chimpanzees in Dense Rain Forest GPS Accuracy During Non-travel versus Travel GPS Accuracy During Slow versus Fast Travel Developing a Cleaning and Smoothing Method Cleaning Track Data Smoothing Track Data Non-travel Slow Travel Choice of Smoothing Methods Testing the Smoothing Methods R Functions, Programs, and Manuals Implications for Field Primatologists References Part II GIS Analysis in Fine-Scale Space Introduction Primatological Questions Suitable for Fine-Scale GIS Analysis Section Summary References 7 Home Range Analysis: Why the Methods Matter Introduction How Is Home Range Calculated? Grid Cell Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) Kernel Density Estimation: Fixed Kernel and Adaptive Kernel Local Convex Hull (LoCoH) Comparison of the Common Methods: A Case Study Additional Methods Which Method Is Best? The Methods Matter: Important Considerations Standardization of Methods Reporting Specific Details Ecological and Behavioral Variables Software Options Conclusion References 8 Quantifying Resource Dispersion in Free-Ranging Bearded Sakis in Guyana: What Is a Patch? Introduction Methods Cluster Analysis Point Pattern Analysis The Nearest Neighbor Index Ripley’s K Spatial Autocorrelation Measures of Patch Size and Quality Methods for Assessing Patch Use by Bearded Sakis Data Collection Data Analysis Results Discussion Conclusion References 9 Interpreting Small-Scale Patterns of Ranging by Primates: What Does It Mean, and Why Does It Matter? Introduction Methods Behavioral and Density Data Botanical Data Results and Discussion Home Range Daily Path Length Habitat Choice When Preferred Foods Are Lost: An Alternative Model Summary and Future Directions Acknowledgments References 10 Determining the Presence of Habitual Travel Route Networks in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in Kutai National Park, Borneo Introduction Current Study Methods Study Area Subjects and Sampling Data Collection Measures Travel Routes Daily Travel Distance Orangutan Resources Habitual Route Network Analyses Estimation of GPS Error Noise Cleaning of GPS Data Habitual Route Network Applying the Error-Overlay Analysis to Examine Habitual Route Features Sensitivity of the Error-Overlay Method Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 11 Finding Fruit in a Tropical Rainforest: A Comparison of the Foraging Patterns of Two Distinct Fruit-Eating Primates Across Years Introduction Methods Tamarin Field Methods Chimpanzee Field Methods GIS Analyses Other Analyses Results Stability in Diet and Reuse of Feeding Trees Stability in Daily Path Lengths and Home Range Size Routes and Daily Range Cover Are Expedition Days Associated with Fruit Monitoring? Discussion Fruit Foraging Acknowledgments References Plates 12 Random Walk Analyses in Primates Simple, Biased, and Correlated Random Walks Lévy Walks Doubts About Lévy Walks Area-Restricted Search A Case Study: Hamadryas Baboons Hypothesis Study Site and Subjects Data Collection and Analysis Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 13 The Use of Small-Scale Spatial Analysis to Evaluate Primate Behavior and Welfare in Captive Settings Introduction When and Why Might One Not Need GPS Methodologies? Non-Automated Methods of Tracking Space Use Categorization of Space Case Study: Ape Space Use Studies at Lincoln Park Zoo Functional Categorization of Space Use Neutral Grid and Post-Hoc Categorization Neutral Grid and Spread of Participation Index Additional Uses of Ape Spatial Data at RCAA Future Directions Embedded Devices Stereo Cameras and Tracking Software Conclusion References 14 The Promise of Spatially Explicit Agent-Based Models for Primatology Research Introduction Models and Modeling History of Agent-Based Simulation Modeling in Primatology Great Ape MIRROR Worlds Modeling Social Behavior: The DOM-WORLD and Its Descendants Foraging Ecology and Association Patterns Group Coordination, Navigation, and Spatial Memory Social Systems, Landscapes, and Population Genetic Structure Additional Applications where ABMs Show Promise Agent-Based Modeling and Spatial Analysis Agent-Based Modeling Software Toolkits Conclusions References Part III GIS Analysis in Broad-Scale Space Introduction Questions in Field Primatology Suited for Broad-Scale Space Analysis Section Summary References 15 Modeling Niches and Mapping Distributions: Progress and Promise of Ecological Niche Models for Primate Research Introduction Ecological Niche Models in Primatology Habitat Suitability Models Modeling the Potential Effects of Future Climate Change Biogeography, Niche Evolution, and Ecological Speciation Which Ecological Niche Model? Accessibility Treatment of Presence, Absence, and Abundance Model Approach, Evaluation, and Performance Ecological Niche Models in Practice Sample Data Environmental Data Evaluating Model Performance Conclusion Acknowledgments References 16 Does Reduced Habitat Quality or Increased Hunter Access Explain Defaunation of Fragmented Forests?: Bonobos as a Case Study Introduction Methods Study Area Field Data Collection GIS Methods Population Estimation, Detection Probability, and Occupancy Estimation Methods Logistic Regression and Multi-Model Inference ANOVA Corrected for Multiple Comparisons Results Field Surveys, Detection Probability, Density and Occupancy Estimation Logistic Regression Analysis of Environmental Factors Discussion Acknowledgments References 17 Landscape Ecology of Deforestation Processes and Lemur Biogeography in Madagascar Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 18 Quantitative Methods for Primate Biogeography and Macroecology Introduction Methods Using Spatially Explicit Data on Species Occurrences Only Quantifying Species and Community Distributions Species Co-occurrence Patterns Community Nestedness Identifying Biogeographic Regions Cluster Analysis Methods Incorporating Spatially Explicit Covariate Data Quantifying Species Niche Space Ordination Ecological Niche Models Predicting Spatial Variation in Community Structure and Biological Traits Mantel Tests Canonical Correspondence Analysis Spatial Regression Models Distinguishing the Influences of Space and Phylogeny Final Thoughts Acknowledgments References 19 GIS and GPS Techniques in an Ethnoprimatological Investigation of St Kitts Green Monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus) Crop-Foraging Behavior Introduction Predicting St Kitts Green Monkey Crop Foraging Incorporating Ethnoprimatology Methods Site Selection Monitoring Crop Loss Quantifying Environmental Predictors Model Development: Hierarchical Linear Models and Hierarchical General Linear Models Hierarchical Linear Models Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models Predictive Models Ethnographic Methods Results Crop Damage Predicting the Likelihood and Severity of Crop Damage Part 1: Predicting the Likelihood of Damage Making Predictions Part 2: Predicting the Severity of Damage Ethnographic Results Discussion St Kitts Green Monkey Crop-Foraging Behavior The Ethnoprimatological Context Conclusion References 20 Conclusion Introduction GPS, Spatial Analyses, and Conservation: The Present and the Future Addendum References Index