Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World

Description

Cover Title page Copyright page Backsliding Contents 1 Backsliding: Concept, Mechanisms, Measurement 1.1 Conceptual Issues: Backsliding from What to What? 1.2 Toward a Theory of Backsliding 1.3 Cognate Routes to Democratic Decay 1.4 Measurement: Gauging the Extent of Backsliding and Selecting Cases 2 Social and Political Origins of Backsliding: The Role of Polarization 2.1 The Effects of Polarization 2.2 Political Polarization: An Empirical Overview 2.2.1 The Extent of Elite and Mass Polarization 2.2.2 The Politics of Polarization 2.3 Brazil, 2016–2019 2.4 Poland, 2016–2019 2.5 The United States, 2016–2019 2.6 Conclusion: Coming to Power 3 Constitutions in the Balance: Parties, Legislatures and the Collapse of the Separation of Powers 3.1 Frontal Assault: Creating New Constitutional Assemblies in Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia 3.2 Letting Autocrats In: Party Fragmentation, Coordination and Disproportionality 3.3 The Coordination Problem 3.4 Electoral Rules and Disproportionality 3.5 Compliant Legislatures: Collapsing the Division of Powers 3.5.1 Defaulting on Oversight 3.5.2 Stacking the Deck: Political Appointments 3.5.3 Expanding – and Extending – Executive Powers 3.6 Conclusion 4 The Backsliding Process 4.1 Backsliding: An Overview 4.2 The Causal Effects of Incrementalism 4.2.1 Venezuela 4.2.2 Russia 4.2.3 Hungary 4.2.4 Trump’s America 4.2.5 Incrementalism: A Reprise 4.3 Backsliding within Democracies and Transitions to Competitive Authoritarian Regimes 4.4 Conclusion 5 Conclusion References Acknowledgments