Innovations in Sustainable Mining: Balancing Environment, Ecology and Economy

Description

This book explores sustainable mining knowledge, assessing researchers on the impacts of waste and new approaches to negotiating these impacts. Mining has always been a profitable venture; however, it comes with several boons and banes. The significant advantages of mining include employment generation, the establishment of townships and trade centers, and socio-economic growth. However, the mining activity is a significant cause of environmental degradation, including soils, atmosphere, water, solid wastes, changed topography, and health hazards. This book emphasizes value-added products from mining wastes and innovations for balancing environment, ecology, and economy.  This book is designed for miners, policymakers, professionals, researchers, scientists, industrialists, and environmental agencies. Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents Contributors A Sustainable Approach to Transforming Mining Waste into Value-Added Products 1 Introduction 2 Mineral Wastes: Nomenclature and Classification 3 Global Scenario of Solid Wastes in Mining 4 Disposal Methods for Solid Wastes from Mines 4.1 Pond Storage 4.2 Dry Stacking 4.3 Disposal into Underground Workings 4.4 Disposal into the Oceans/Submarine Tailings Disposal (Std) 4.5 Co-disposal of Tailings and Waste Rock 5 Optimal Waste Management Strategy 5.1 Technological Innovations 5.2 Phytostabilization 5.3 Towards the Circular Economy 6 Role of Legislations in Management 7 Value Added Products from Mining Wastes 8 Merits of Mining Waste Transformation 9 Summary References Utilization of Aluminium Industry Solid Waste (Red Mud/Bauxite Residue) in Pollution Control 1 Introduction 2 Utilization of Red Mud in Pollution Control 2.1 Oxides of Sulphur, Nitrogen Removal 2.2 Toxic Heavy Metal Ions Removal 2.3 Inorganic Anions Removal 2.4 Dyes Removal 2.5 Phenols and Its Derivatives Removal 2.6 Removal of Other Impurities 3 Identified Issues for the Utilization of Red Mud in Pollution Control 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Aluminum Dross: Value Added Products to Achieve Zero Waste 1 Introduction 2 History and Future of Dross 3 Primary Processes 4 Future Scope 5 Technical Assessment of Dross 5.1 Sample Collection & Preparation 5.2 Screening/Classification 5.3 Wet Chemical 5.4 Determination of Major Metal/Metal Oxide 6 Methodology 6.1 Recovery of Metal by Metallurgical Process 6.2 Designation of Dross Based on Recoverable Metal 6.3 Treatment of Dross for Recovery of Value-Added Product 7 Application of Alum 8 Conclusions References Value Addition of Alumino-Silicates: Consolidation of Mining Rejects and Industrial Slag by Geo-Polymerization 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Materials and Methods 2.2 Sample Preparation and Characterization 2.3 Optimization of Solid—Liquid Ratio 2.4 Alkali Activator 2.5 Geo-Polymer Synthesis 2.6 Preliminary Test for Geo-Polymer Formation 2.7 Assessment of Chemical Properties 2.8 Tests on the Developed Product 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Value Addition 3.2 Preparation of Light Weight Foamed Geo-Polymer 3.3 Preparation of Layered Geo-Polymer 3.4 Fiber Reinforced Geo-Polymer 4 Conclusions References Metallurgical and Mining Waste Utilization in Preparation of Geo-Polymeric Bricks as the Future Construction Material 1 Introduction 2 General Details of Materials, Processes and Parameters 2.1 Fly Ash 2.2 Sodium Hydroxide 2.3 Sodium Silicates 2.4 Alkali Activation 2.5 Variation in Parameters 2.6 Curing Duration 2.7 Curing Temperature 3 Methodology 3.1 Preparation of Amorphous Sodium Silicate from the Leaves of Bamboosa Dendrocalamus 3.2 Formulation of Geopolymer Brick by Utilising Industrial Waste 3.3 To Investigate the Change in Strength of Geopolymer Brick with Change in Temperature 3.4 Testing Techniques 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 X-Ray Diffraction 4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 4.3 Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy 4.4 Compression Strength 5 Conclusion References Beneficiation of Low-Grade Bauxite: A Case Study of Lateritic Bauxite of India 1 Introduction 2 Waste Generated at Bauxite Mine 3 Transforming Unutilized Materials (Mine Waste) into Resource 4 Scenario of Bauxite Deposits 5 Beneficiation 5.1 Sampling and Characterization 5.2 Beneficiation/Upgradation Studies on Laterite and Low-Grade Bauxite 5.3 Screening/Sieving 5.4 De-Ironing Studies by Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separator (WHIMS) 5.5 Beneficiation of Blended Bauxite by WHIMS 5.6 Separation Studies by Hydrocyclone Test Rig 5.7 Leaching Studies 6 Results and Discussion 7 Summary References Bauxite Beneficiation: An Approach to Value Addition in Mining 1 Introduction 2 Bauxite Beneficiation for the Metallurgical Industry 3 Wet Beneficiation of Bauxite 4 How Attrition Scrubbing and Desliming Assists in Wet Beneficiation Process? 5 Bauxite Recovery 6 Why Alumina Refineries Prefer to Import Washed Bauxite 7 Bauxite Beneficiation for Non-metallurgical Industry 7.1 Reduction Roasting Followed by Magnetic Separation 7.2 Chemical Methods 8 Conclusion References Arsenic, from a Woeful Environmental Hazard to a Wishful Exploration Tool: A Case Study of Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater of Chakariya Area, Singrauli District, Madhya Pradesh, India 1 Introduction 2 Geochemistry of Arsenic 3 Geology and Geomorphology of the Area 4 Methodology 4.1 Sampling 4.2 Analytical Procedure 5 Results 5.1 Field Characteristics and Petrographic Description of Arsenic Bearing Sulfide Phases 5.2 Physicochemical Properties of Water Samples 5.3 Concentration of Arsenic in the Water Samples 6 Discussion 6.1 Weathering of Arsenopyrite and Release of Arsenic in Groundwater 6.2 Geochemical Classification of the Groundwater 6.3 Potential Exploration Targets Using Arsenic as a Pathfinder Element 7 Conclusion References Recovery of Valuable Metals (Rare-Earths) from Phosphate Fertiliser Waste (Phosphogypsum) 1 Introduction 2 Global Scenario of Rock Phosphate Resources and Mining 2.1 World Scenario 2.2 Indian Scenario 3 Generation of Phosphogypsum Waste in Phosphoric Acid Production 4 Recovery of REE from Phosphogypsum 5 Recovery of REE from Phosphoric Acid 6 Value Addition and Achievement of Circular Economy 7 Suggestions for Future Research 8 Summary References Harnessing the Potential of Microbes for Rejuvenating Soils from Mining Sites: An Initiative for Environmental Balance and Value Addition 1 Introduction 2 Types of Contamination Present at Different Mining Sites 2.1 Metals 2.2 Metalloids 2.3 Minerals 3 Types and Characterization of Microbial Communities Existing at Different Mined Sites 3.1 Microbial Diversity According to Mines Nature 3.2 Plant-Associated Microbial Communities in Different Mining Sites 4 Interactions and Communication Between Plant and Microbes at Mining Sites 5 Factors Involved and Affect the Bioremediation Process 5.1 Characteristic of Plant Species Used for Phytoremediation 5.2 Characteristics of the Medium 5.3 The Rhizospheric Region 5.4 Bioavailability of Heavy Metals 5.5 Environmental Conditions 5.6 Chelator Agents 6 Types of Remediation Processes Occur at Mining Sites 6.1 Phytoremediation 6.2 Rhizoremediation 6.3 Bioventing 6.4 Bioaugmentation 6.5 Biosparging 7 Strategies to Use of Rhizosphere Microorganisms in Recovery of Mined Sites 8 Role of Advance Molecular Techniques and Genetically Engineered Organism in Remediation of Mining Sites 9 Technological Limitations and Future Insight 10 Conclusion References Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium Using Microbial Remediation: A Case Study of Pauni and Taka Chromite Mines, Central India 1 Introduction 2 Health Hazards Due to Chromium Toxicity 3 Mode of Chromium Contamination of Soils 4 Effect of Hexavalent Chromium in Soils 4.1 Vegetation and Crops 4.2 Animal and Human Health 4.3 Effect on Microorganisms 5 Bacterial Mechanisms of Chromium Tolerance 6 Methodology, Sampling, and Analysis 6.1 Sampling Method 6.2 Isolation and Characterization of Cr-Reducing Bacteria 6.3 Chromium Tolerance Test 6.4 Chromium Cr (VI) Reduction Assay 6.5 SEM and EDX Analysis 6.6 Antibiotic Susceptibility Test 6.7 Bacterial Identification 7 Result and Discussion 7.1 Soil Features 7.2 Identification of Promising Isolates 7.3 Evaluation of Chromium Tolerance 7.4 Identification of Bacterial Isolates 7.5 Chromium Reduction at Different Cr Concentration and Time 7.6 SEM-EDX Analysis 7.7 Chromium Reduction 8 Conclusion References Managing Water Quality in Mining Areas: Changing Paradigm of Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Ground and Surface Water Pollution 3 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) 4 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage by Active and Passive System 5 Characteristic of Mine Wastewater and Chemical Properties of Polluted Water 6 Technologies to Combat Water Quality in Mining 6.1 Primary Treatment 6.2 Secondary Treatment 6.3 Tertiary Treatment/Advanced Wastewater Treatment 7 Treatment Techniques in Mines 8 The Role of Legislature in Mining Water Quality Management 9 Water Quality Management in Mining Field 10 Summary References Mineral and Mining Wastes: A Burgeoning Problem with a Need for Sustainable Restitution 1 Introduction 2 Overburden 3 Acid Mine Drainage 4 Slurry and Tailings 5 Sustainable Management of Mining Waste−The Need of the Hour References Distinctive Bats Species in Abandoned Mines: Adventure Geotourism for Nature Enthusiasts 1 Introduction 2 Geotourism at a Glance 3 Bats as a Potential Tourist Attraction 4 General Information About Bats 5 Importance of Bats 6 World Scenario of Bats 7 Bats in India 8 Bat Species in Abandoned Underground Manganese Mine at Kandri, Nagpur District, Maharashtra 8.1 Megaderma Lyra Lyra (Greater False Vampire Bat) 8.2 Rousettus Leschenaulti (Fulvous Fruit Bat) 9 Conservation Status and Remedies 10 Suggestions for Development of Kandri Mine as a Geotourism Attraction 11 Summary References