The Greek Perfekt Tense in the Gospel of Marc and the Epistle to the Romans

Description

The Greek Perfect Tense in the Gospel of Mark and the Epistle to the Romans is designed to resolve the confusion that has resulted from Stanley Porter’s understanding of the use of Greek perfect tense. For Porter, the perfect tense functions as a third level of "frontground" which denotes the highest prominence on a discourse. Porter has argued that the perfect tense is chosen to deliver a present state, disregarding anterior activity. This book supports the validity of a traditional understanding of the Greek perfect tense, which is rooted in a dual feature. The author argues that the perfect tense is chosen to indicate a present state that results from anterior activity and functions as background for main events or themes. The author formulates three rules to discuss the function of the Greek perfect tense in Mark and Romans. Through the discussion of the perfect tense using these rules, the author finds it appropriate to interpret all the Greek perfects in Mark and Romans in light of the perfect’s inherent dual feature. This book should prove useful for seminary students, pastors, or scholars who are struggling with how to interpret the Greek perfect tense in the New Testament. Cover Contents List of Tables and Diagrams Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction Chapter One: Brief Understanding of the Greek Verb from Traditional to Modern Views The Greek Verb Verbal Aspect and Aktionsart Verbal Aspect and Aktionsart Working Together Aspectual Distinction (or Opposition) The Perfect Tense Chapter Two: An Evaluation of Porter’s Markedness and Grounding with Prominence for the Perfect Tense Form Markedness Binary Oppositions Multiple Oppositions Problem of Markedness Values Various Criteria Contingent on Context Porter’s Markedness in the Perfect Tense Form Grounding Foreground as ‘Deviation from a Norm’ in Poetic Texts Foreground as ‘Mainline’ in Non-Poetic Texts Contents Transitivity Temporality Cognitive Perception Aspect (or Tense) Foreground as ‘Deviation from Two Normal Types of Information’ in Non-Poetic Texts Porter’s Grounding Porter’s Foreground and Background Porter’s Frontground Conclusion Chapter Three: The Traditional Understanding of the Perfect, Compared with Porter’s Approach Dual Feature of the Perfect Pendulum Movement Various Categories Suggested Anterior Activity The Development of the Perfect towards Anterior Activity Scholars Who Accept Anterior Activity Scholars Who Reject Anterior Activity Conclusion Three rules The First Category: The Perfect Working as a Finite Verb Rule 1: The Perfect Finite Verb with the Non-Past Indicative or Present Non-Indicative Rule 2: The Perfect Finite Verb with the Past Indicative or Aorist Non-Indicative The Second Category: The Perfect Participle Working as an Adjective Rule 3: The Perfect Participle with a Substantive Chapter Four: The Perfect Tense in Mark The perfect indicative The Perfect with the Non-Past Indicative or Present Non-Indicative in Direct Discourse: Rule 1 πεπλήρωται, ἤγγικεν in 1:15 ἤγγικεν in 14:42 δέδοται in 4:11 σέσωκεν in 5:34 and 10:52 ἐγήγερται in 6:14 ἐξελήλυθεν in 7:29 ἐλήλυθεν in 9:13 πεποίηκεν in 7:37 πεποιήκατε in 11:17 ἥκασιν in 8:3 γέγονεν in 9:21 γέγονεν in 13:19 προείρηκα in 13:23 γέγονεν in 14:4 βέβληται in 9:42 ἡτοίμασται in 10:40 The Perfect with the Past Indicative in Direct Discourse: Rule 2 πεποίηκεν in 5:19 ἠκολουθήκαμέν in 10:28 ἐξήρανται in 11:21 The Perfect with the Past Indicative in Non-Direct Discourse: Rule 2 The Perfect Non-Indicative The Perfect Participle: Rule 3 ἐξηραμμένην in 3:1 ἐξηραμμένην in 11:20 ἐσπαρμένον in 4:15 γεγονός, ἱματισμένον, ἐσχηκότα in 5:14–15 βεβλημένον, ἐξεληλυθός in 7:30 περιβεβλημένος in 14:51 περιβεβλημένον in 16:5 ὑποδεδεμένους in 6:9 πεπωρωμένην in 8:17 ἐληλυθυῖαν in 9:1 δεδεμένον in 11:2 and 4 εὐλογημένος, εὐλογημένη in 11:9–10 ἐστρωμένον in 14:15 ἐσμυρνισμένον in 15:23, συνεσταυρωμένοι in 15:32 ἐσταυρωμένον in 16:6 ἐγηγερμένον in 16:14 The Perfect Imperative and The Perfect Infinitive: Rule 1 πεφίμωσο in 4:39 δεδέσθαι, διεσπάσθαι, συντετρῖφθαι in 5:4 Individual Treatments γέγραπται: Rule 2 οἶδα: Rule 2 The Non-Indicative οἶδα: Rule 2 The Non-Indicative Perfect Forms of ἵστημι and παρίστημι: Rule 3 ἑστηκότων in 9:1 and 11:5 ἑστηκότα in 13:14 παρεστηκότων in 14:47, παρεστῶσιν in 14:69, παρεστῶτες in 14:70, παρεστηκότων in 15:35, and παρεστηκώς in 15:39 παρέστηκεν in 4:29 The Pluperfect The Pluperfect Active Indicative: Rule 1 δεδώκει in 14:44 πεποιήκεισαν in 15:7, παραδεδώκεισαν in 15:10 ἐκβεβλήκει in 16:9 The Pluperfect: ᾔδειν and εἰώθει: Rule 2 ᾔδειν in 1:34, 9:6, and 14:40 εἰώθει in 10:1 The Pluperfect Periphrastic Construction: Rule 3 ἦν + S + ἐνδεδυμένος in 1:6 ἦν + S + ἐπισυνηγμένη in 1:33 ἦν + S + πεπωρωμένη in 6:52 ἦν + S+ δεδεμένος in 15:7 ἦν + S + ἐπιγεγραμμένη in 15:26 ὃ + ἦν + λελατομημένον in 15:46 Passage Studies Mark 5:1–20 δεδέσθαι, διεσπάσθαι, συντετρῖφθαι in 5:4 γεγονός in 5:14 ἱματισμένον, ἐσχηκότα in 5:15 πεποίηκεν in 5:19 Mark 5:25–34 ἴαται in 5:29 εἰδυῖα, γέγονεν in 5:33 σέσωκεν in 5:34 and 10:52 Mark 7:24–30 ἐξελήλυθεν in 7:29 βεβλημένον in 7:30 ἐξεληλυθός in 7:30 Mark 11:1–11 δεδεμένον in 11:2 and 4 ἑστηκότων in 11:5 εὐλογημένος in 11:9–10 Mark 15:6–15 δεδεμένος in 15:7a πεποιήκεισαν in 15:7b παραδεδώκεισαν in 15:10 Mark 15:22–32 ἐσμυρνισμένον in 15:23 ἐπιγεγραμμένη in 15:26 συνεσταυρωμένοι in 15:32 Mark 15:42–47 τέθνηκεν in 15:44 λελατομημένον in 15:46 τέθειται in 15:47 Mark 16:1–8 ἀποκεκύλισται in 16:4 περιβεβλημένον in 16:5 ἐσταυρωμένον in 16:6 Conclusion Chapter Five: The Perfect Tense in Romans The Perfect Indicative The Perfect with the Non-Past Indicative or Present Non-Indicative: Rule 1 πεφανέρωται in 3:21 τέθεικα in 4:17 ἐπήγγελται in 4:21 ἐσχήκαμεν in 5:2 ἐκκέχυται in 5:5 ἐκπέπτωκεν in 9:6 προείρηκεν in 9:29 ἀκηκόασιν in 15:21 γέγονεν in 2:25 and 11:5, γεγόναμεν in 6:5, γέγοναν in 16:7 πεπλήρωκεν in 13:8, κατακέκριται in 14:23 The Perfect with the Past Indicative or Aorist Non-Indicative: Rule 2 κεκένωται, κατήργηται in 4:14 δεδικαίωται in 6:7 δέδεται in 7:2a κατήργηται in 7:2b γέγονεν in 11:25 ἤγγικεν in 13:12 The Perfect Non-Indicative The Perfect Participle: Rule 3 ἀφωρισμένος in 1:1 πεπληρωμένους in 1:29 ἀνεῳγμένος in 3:13 προγεγονότων in 3:25 εἰρημένον in 4:18, νενεκρωμένον in 4:19 πεπραμένος in 7:14 κατηρτισμένα in 9:22, ἠγαπημένην in 9:25 τεταγμέναι in 13:1 πεπληρωμένοι in 15:14 ἡγιασμένη in 15:16 σεσιγημένου in 16:25 The Perfect Infinitive: Rule 1 εὑρηκέναι in 4:1 γεγενῆσθαι in 15:8 πεπληρωκέναι in 15:19 Individual Treatments γέγραπται: Rule 2 οἶδα: Rule 2 Perfect Indicative of ἵστημι (Rule 2), ἐνίστημι (Rule 1), and Non-Indicative of ἐνίστημι, ἀνθίστημι (Rule 3) ἑστήκαμεν in 5:2 ἕστηκας in 11:20 ἐνεστῶτα in 8:38 ἀνθέστηκεν in 9:19 ἀνθέστηκεν, ἀνθεστηκότες in 13:2 Perfect Forms of πείθω: Rule 2 πέποιθας in 2:19 πέπεισμαι in 8:38 πέπεισμαι in 14:14 πέπεισμαι in 15:14 γέγονεν: Rule 1 or 2 γέγονεν in 2:25 γεγόναμεν in 6:5 γέγονεν in 11:5 γέγονεν in 11:25 γέγοναν in 16:7 ‘The One Who …’ δεδικαίωται in 6:7 τεταγμέναι in 13:1 ἀνθέστηκεν, ἀνθεστηκότες in 13:2 πεπλήρωκεν in 13:8 κατακέκριται in 14:23 Passage Studies Romans 4:13–25 κεκένωται, κατήργηται in 4:14 γέγραπται, τέθεικα in 4:17 εἰρημένον in 4:18 νενεκρωμένον in 4:19 ἐπήγγελται in 4:21 Romans 5:1–5 ἐσχήκαμεν in 5:2 ἑστήκαμεν in 5:2 εἰδότες in 5:3 ἐκκέχυται in 5:5 Romans 6:1–11 γεγόναμεν in 6:5 δεδικαίωται in 6:7 εἰδότες in 6:9 Romans 9:19–29 ἀνθέστηκεν in 9:19 κατηρτισμένα in 9:22 ἠγαπημένην in 9:25 προείρηκεν in 9:29 Romans 15:14–21 πέπεισμαι in 15:14 πεπληρωμένοι in 15:14 ἡγιασμένη in 15:16 πεπληρωκέναι in 15:19 γέγραπται in 15:21 ἀκηκόασιν in 15:21 Conclusion Conclusion Index of biblical references Index of Greek terms Index