Sigma-Delta Converters. Practical Design Guide

Description

Contents......Page 3 Preface......Page 13 Abbreviations......Page 19 Intro to ΣΔ Modulators......Page 23 Basics of Analog-to-Digital Conversion......Page 24 Sampling......Page 25 Quantization......Page 26 Quantization White Noise Model......Page 27 Noise Shaping......Page 30 Sigma-Delta Modulation......Page 31 Modulators......Page 32 Ms......Page 33 Modulator......Page 35 Ms......Page 38 M System-level Design Parameters and Strategies......Page 39 Ms......Page 40 ADCs......Page 41 Decimators......Page 42 DACs......Page 44 Ms used in DACs......Page 46 Summary......Page 47 References......Page 48 Taxonomy of ΣΔ Architectures......Page 50 Modulators......Page 51 Ms......Page 52 MwithUnitySTF......Page 55 Ms......Page 56 Modulators......Page 60 M Architectures......Page 67 Influence of Multi-bit DAC Errors......Page 70 Dynamic Element Matching Techniques......Page 71 Ms......Page 74 Ms......Page 75 Modulators......Page 76 Ms......Page 77 Ms with Optimized NTF......Page 79 Ms......Page 82 Modulators: Architecture and Basic Concepts......Page 85 Ms......Page 87 Ms......Page 90 The Impulse-invariant Transformation......Page 91 M......Page 93 Ms......Page 95 References......Page 97 Circuit Errors in Switched-Capacitor ΣΔMs......Page 103 Modulators......Page 104 Ms......Page 106 Ms......Page 110 Behavioral Model for the Integrator Settling......Page 111 Linear Effect of Finite Amplifier Gain–Bandwidth Product......Page 115 Nonlinear Effect of Finite Amplifier Slew Rate......Page 118 Effect of Finite Switch On-resistance......Page 120 Ms......Page 121 Ms......Page 125 Nonlinear Amplifier Gain......Page 127 Nonlinear Switch On-Resistance......Page 129 Ideal Modulator Performance......Page 131 Noise Leakages......Page 132 Circuit Noise......Page 135 Settling Error......Page 136 Overall High-Level Sizing and Noise Budget......Page 137 References......Page 139 Modulators......Page 142 CT Integrators and Resonators......Page 143 Ms......Page 145 Ms......Page 147 Ms......Page 149 Ms......Page 150 Ms......Page 152 Nonlinearities in the Front-end Integrator......Page 153 Intersymbol Interference in the Feedback DAC......Page 155 Noise Analysis Considering NRZ Feedback DACs......Page 156 Noise Analysis Considering SC Feedback DACs......Page 158 Ms......Page 159 Jitter in Return-to-zero DACs......Page 160 Jitter in Non-return-to-zero DACs......Page 161 Jitter in Switched-capacitor DACs......Page 163 Lingering Effect of Clock Jitter Error......Page 164 Reducing the Effect of Clock Jitter with FIR and Sine-shaped DACs......Page 166 Intuitive Analysis of ELD......Page 168 Analysis of ELD based on Impulse-invariant DT-CT Transformation......Page 170 Alternative ELD Compensation Techniques......Page 173 Ms......Page 174 Summary......Page 178 References......Page 179 Modulators......Page 183 Sizing Process......Page 185 Alternatives to Transistor-level Simulation......Page 187 Event-driven Behavioral Simulation Technique......Page 189 Programming Languages and Behavioral Modeling Platforms......Page 190 From Circuit Analysis to Computational Algorithms......Page 191 Time-domain versus Frequency-domain Behavioral Models......Page 193 Implementing Time-domain Behavioral Models in MATLAB......Page 196 Building Time-domain Behavioral Models as SIMULINK C-MEX S-functions......Page 200 Modeling of SC Integrators using S-functions......Page 206 Capacitor Mismatch and Nonlinearity......Page 208 Input-referred Thermal Noise......Page 209 Switch On-resistance Dynamics......Page 212 Incomplete Settling Error......Page 215 Single-pole Gm-C Model......Page 218 Two-pole Dynamics Model......Page 219 Modeling Transconductors as S-functions......Page 221 Modeling Multi-level ADCs as S-functions......Page 223 Modeling Multi-level DACs as S-functions......Page 225 Ms......Page 227 Model Libraries Included in SIMSIDES......Page 228 Structure of SIMSIDES and its User Interface......Page 229 M Block Diagram......Page 230 Simulation Analyses......Page 233 M......Page 234 Effect of Thermal Noise......Page 236 Effect of the Incomplete Settling Error......Page 238 Cumulative Effect of All Errors......Page 239 M......Page 242 Effect of Nonideal Effects......Page 245 High-level Synthesis and Verification......Page 247 References......Page 249 Automated Design & Optimization of ΣΔMs......Page 252 Basic Functions of Schreier’s Delta-Sigma Toolbox......Page 253 M with Tunable Notch......Page 255 M with Tunable Notch......Page 257 Modulators......Page 262 Combining Behavioral Simulation and Optimization......Page 263 Using Simulated Annealing as Optimization Engine......Page 264 Combining SIMSIDES with MATLAB Optimizers......Page 270 Ms......Page 272 Ms on an FPGA......Page 274 Ms......Page 275 Ms......Page 276 Combining MOEA with SIMSIDES......Page 278 Ms......Page 279 References......Page 286 Electrical Design of ΣΔMs......Page 288 Switch Macromodel......Page 289 Gm-C Integrators......Page 291 Nonlinear OTA Transconductor......Page 292 Embedded Flash ADC Macromodel......Page 293 Feedback DAC Macromodel......Page 294 SC Second-order Example......Page 296 M......Page 300 Ms......Page 303 Generating and Injecting Noise Data Sequences in HSPICE......Page 304 Generating and Injecting Flicker Noise Sources in Electrical Simulations......Page 306 Ms......Page 310 M Output Results of Electrical Simulations......Page 311 References......Page 315 Design Considerations of ΣΔM Subcircuits......Page 317 Characterizing the Nonlinear Behavior of......Page 318 Influence of Technology Downscaling on the Design of Switches......Page 320 Evaluating Harmonic Distortion due to CMOS Switches......Page 321 Design Considerations of Operational Amplifiers......Page 324 Typical Amplifier Topologies......Page 325 Common-mode Feedback Networks......Page 327 Characterization of the Amplifier in DC......Page 329 Characterization of the Amplifier Gain Nonlinearity......Page 332 Design Considerations of Transconductors......Page 333 Highly Linear Front-end Transconductor......Page 334 Loop-filter Transconductors......Page 336 Widely Programmable Transconductors......Page 339 Design Considerations of Comparators......Page 340 Regenerative Latch-based Comparators......Page 341 Design Guidelines of Comparators......Page 343 Characterization of Offset and Hysteresis Based on the Bisectional Method......Page 344 Characterizing the Comparison Time......Page 346 Design Considerations of Current-Steering DACs......Page 348 Practical Realization of CS DACs......Page 349 CS 4-bit DAC Example......Page 352 References......Page 354 M Building Blocks......Page 357 Phase Buffering......Page 358 Phase Distribution......Page 360 Reference Voltage Generator......Page 361 Common-mode Voltage Generator......Page 362 Additional Digital Logic......Page 363 Divide Layout into Different Parts or Regions......Page 364 Be Obsessive about Layout Symmetry and Details of Analog Parts......Page 365 Importance of Layout Verification and Catastrophic Failure......Page 366 Bonding Diagram and Package......Page 370 Experimental Test Set-Up......Page 371 Connecting Lab Instruments......Page 373 Measurement Set-Up Example......Page 374 M Design Examples and Case Studies......Page 375 Ms for High Dynamic Range Sensor Interfaces......Page 376 Main Design Criteria and Performance Limitations......Page 377 Influence of Chopper Frequency on Flicker Noise......Page 378 Ms for Multi-standard Direct Conversion Receivers......Page 380 Power-scaling Circuit Techniques......Page 383 Ms for RF Digitizers......Page 384 M High-level Sizing......Page 387 M Loop-Filter Reconfiguration Techniques......Page 391 Embedded 4-bit Quantizer with Calibration......Page 394 Biasing, Digital Control Programmability and Testability......Page 398 Summary......Page 401 References......Page 402 Frontiers, Trends & Challenges......Page 404 Converters......Page 405 Conversion Energy......Page 406 Figures of Merit......Page 407 ADCs......Page 408 Ms......Page 421 Ms......Page 422 Ms......Page 423 Ms......Page 425 Ms......Page 426 Ms......Page 428 Ms for RF-to-digital Conversion......Page 430 Ms......Page 433 MASH......Page 434 Ms......Page 435 Ms......Page 436 Ms......Page 437 Ms......Page 438 Ms......Page 439 Power-efficient Amplifier Techniques......Page 441 M Quantizers based on Nyquist-rate ADCs......Page 443 ADCs......Page 444 ADCs......Page 446 Ms with VCO/PWM-based Quantization......Page 447 Ms......Page 448 Ms......Page 449 Ms......Page 451 Summary and Conclusions......Page 452 References......Page 453 A.1 State-space Representation of NTF......Page 477 A.2 Expectation Value of......Page 479 A.3 In-band Noise Power due to Clock Jitter......Page 480 References......Page 481 SIMSIDES user guide......Page 482 M Architectures in SIMSIDES......Page 483 Ms in SIMSIDES......Page 486 B.3.2 Integrated Power Noise......Page 487 B.3.4 Harmonic Distortion......Page 488 B.3.6 Multi-tone Power Ratio......Page 490 B.3.8 Parametric Analysis......Page 491 B.3.9 Monte Carlo Analysis......Page 492 B.4 Optimization Interface......Page 493 B.5.2 Setting Model Parameters......Page 495 B.5.3 Computing the Output Spectrum......Page 497 B.5.4 SNR versus Input Amplitude Level......Page 499 B.5.5 Parametric Analysis Considering Only One Parameter......Page 500 B.5.6 Parametric Analysis Considering Two Parameters......Page 501 B.6 Getting Help......Page 502 C.1 Overview of SIMSIDES Libraries......Page 504 C.2.1.1 Building-block Model Purpose and Description......Page 505 C.2.2.3 Ideal_CT_Resonator......Page 506 C.2.3.1 Ideal_Comparator......Page 507 C.2.3.3 Ideal_Multibit_Quantizer......Page 508 C.2.4.1 Ideal_DAC_for_SI......Page 509 C.3.1 Real SC Integrators......Page 510 C.3.2 Real SC Resonators......Page 514 C.4.1 Real SI Integrators......Page 516 C.4.2 Real SI Resonators......Page 518 C.4.3.1 Basic_SI_FE(LD)_Integrator and Basic_SI_FE(LD)_Resonator......Page 519 C.4.3.2 SI_FE(LD)_Int_Finite_Conductance......Page 520 C.5.1 Real CT Integrators......Page 521 C.5.1.2 Gm-MC Integrators......Page 524 C.5.1.3 Active-RC Integrators......Page 525 C.5.2 Real CT Resonators......Page 526 C.5.2.1 Gm-C Resonators......Page 527 C.6 Real Quantizers & Comparators......Page 530 C.7 Real D/A Converters......Page 531 C.8 Auxiliary Blocks......Page 532 Index......Page 536