Machining Technology and Operations

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Cover Volume 01 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Author Biographies List of Symbols List of Acronyms Chapter 1 Machining Technology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History of Machine Tools 1.3 Basic Motions in Machine Tools 1.4 Aspects of Machining Technology 1.4.1 Machine Tool 1.4.2 Workpiece Material 1.4.3 Machining Productivity 1.4.4 Accuracy and Surface Integrity 1.4.5 Product Design for Economical Machining 1.4.6 Environmental Impacts of Machining 1.5 Review Questions References Chapter 2 Basic Elements and Mechanisms of Machine Tools 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Machine Tool Structures 2.2.1 Light- and Heavy-weight Constructions 2.3 Machine-Tool Guideways 2.3.1 Sliding Friction Guideways 2.3.2 Rolling Friction Guideways 2.3.3 Externally Pressurized Guideways 2.4 Machine-Tool Spindles 2.4.1 Spindle Bearings 2.4.2 Selection of Spindle-Bearing Fit 2.4.3 Sliding Friction Spindle Bearing 2.5 Machine Tool Drives 2.5.1 Stepped Speed Drives 2.5.1.1 Belting 2.5.1.2 Pick-Off Gears 2.5.1.3 Gearboxes 2.5.1.4 Stepping of Speeds According to Arithmetic Progression 2.5.1.5 Stepping of Speeds According to Geometric Progression 2.5.1.6 Kinetic Calculations of Speed Gearboxes 2.5.1.7 Application of Pole-Changing Induction Motors 2.5.1.8 Feed Gearboxes 2.5.1.9 Preselection of Feeds and Speeds 2.5.2 Stepless Speed Drives 2.5.2.1 Mechanical Stepless Drives 2.5.2.2 Electrical Stepless Speed Drive 2.5.2.3 Hydraulic Stepless Speed Drive 2.6 Planetary Transmission 2.7 Machine-Tool Motors 2.8 Reversing Mechanisms 2.9 Couplings and Brakes 2.10 Reciprocating Mechanisms 2.10.1 Quick-Return Mechanism 2.10.2 Whitworth Mechanism 2.10.3 Hydraulic Reciprocating Mechanism 2.11 Material Selection and Heat Treatment of Machine-Tool Components 2.11.1 Cast Iron 2.11.2 Steels 2.12 Testing of Machine Tools 2.13 Maintenance of Machine Tools 2.13.1 Preventive Maintenance 2.13.2 Corrective Maintenance 2.13.3 Reconditioning 2.14 Review Questions References Chapter 3 General-Purpose Metal-Cutting Machine Tools 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Lathe Machines and Operations 3.2.1 Turning Operations 3.2.2 Metal-Cutting Lathes 3.2.2.1 Universal Engine Lathes 3.2.2.2 Other Types of General-Purpose Metal-Cutting Lathes 3.3 Drilling Machines and Operations 3.3.1 Drilling and Drilling-Allied Operations 3.3.1.1 Drilling Operation 3.3.1.2 Drilling-Allied Operations 3.3.2 General-Purpose Drilling Machines 3.3.2.1 Bench-Type Sensitive Drill Presses 3.3.2.2 Upright Drill Presses 3.3.2.3 Radial Drilling Machines 3.3.2.4 Multispindle Drilling Machines 3.3.2.5 Horizontal Drilling Machines for Drilling Deep Holes 3.3.3 Tool-Holding Accessories of Drilling Machines 3.3.4 Work-Holding Devices Used on Drilling Machines 3.4 Milling Machines and Operations 3.4.1 Milling Operations 3.4.1.1 Peripheral Milling 3.4.1.2 Face Milling 3.4.2 Milling Cutters 3.4.3 General-Purpose Milling Machines 3.4.3.1 Knee-Type Milling Machines 3.4.3.2 Vertical Bed-Type Milling Machines 3.4.3.3 Planer-Type Milling Machines 3.4.3.4 Rotary-Table Milling Machines 3.4.4 Holding Cutters and Workpieces on Milling Machines 3.4.4.1 Cutter Mounting 3.4.4.2 Workpiece Fixturing 3.4.5 Dividing Heads 3.4.5.1 Universal Dividing Heads 3.4.5.2 Modes of Indexing 3.5 Shapers, Planers, and Slotters and Their Operations 3.5.1 Shaping, Planing, and Slotting Processes. 3.5.1.1 Determination of vcm in Accordance with the Machine Mechanism 3.5.2 Shaper and Planer Tools 3.5.3 Shapers, Planers, and Slotters 3.5.3.1 Shapers 3.5.3.2 Planers 3.5.3.3 Slotters 3.6 Boring Machines and Operations 3.6.1 Boring 3.6.2 Boring Tools 3.6.2.1 Types of Boring Tools 3.6.2.2 Materials of Boring Tools 3.6.3 Boring Machines 3.6.3.1 General-Purpose Boring Machines 3.6.3.2 Jig-Boring Machines 3.7 Broaching Machines and Operations 3.7.1 Broaching 3.7.1.1 Advantages and Limitations of Broaching 3.7.2 The Broach Tool 3.7.2.1 Tool Geometry and Configuration 3.7.2.2 Broach Material 3.7.2.3 Broach Sharpening 3.7.3 Broaching Machines 3.7.3.1 Horizontal Broaching Machines 3.7.3.2 Vertical Broaching Machines 3.7.3.3 Continuous Horizontal Surface Broaching Machines 3.8 Review Questions References Chapter 4 General-Purpose Abrasive Machine Tools 4.1 Grinding Machines and Operations 4.1.1 Grinding Process 4.1.2 Grinding Wheels 4.1.2.1 Manufacturing Characteristics of Grinding Wheels 4.1.2.2 Grinding Wheel Geometry 4.1.2.3 Mounting and Balancing of Grinding Wheels and Safety Measures 4.1.2.4 Truing and Dressing of Grinding Wheels 4.1.3 Grinding Machines 4.1.3.1 Surface-Grinding Machines and Related Operations 4.1.3.2 External Cylindrical Grinding Machines and Related Operations 4.1.3.3 Internal Grinding Machines and Related Operations 4.1.3.4 Centerless Grinding Machines and Related Operations 4.2 Microfinishing Machines and Operations 4.2.1 Honing 4.2.1.1 Process Capabilities 4.2.1.2 Machining Parameters 4.2.1.3 Honing Machines 4.2.2 Superfinishing (Microhoning) 4.2.2.1 Machining Parameters 4.2.3 Lapping 4.2.3.1 Machining Parameters 4.2.3.2 Lapping Machines 4.3 Review Questions References Chapter 5 Thread-Cutting Machines and Operations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Thread Cutting 5.2.1 Cutting Threads on the Lathe 5.2.2 Thread Chasing 5.2.3 Thread Tapping 5.2.4 Die Threading 5.2.4.1 Die-Threading Machines 5.2.4.2 Die-Threading Performance 5.2.5 Thread Milling 5.2.5.1 Thread-Milling Machines 5.2.6 Thread Broaching 5.3 Thread Grinding 5.3.1 Center-Type Thread Grinding 5.3.2 Centerless Thread Grinding 5.4 Review Questions References Chapter 6 Gear-Cutting Machines and Operations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Forming and Generating Methods in Gear Cutting 6.2.1 Gear Cutting by Forming 6.2.1.1 Gear Milling 6.2.1.2 Gear Broaching 6.2.1.3 Gear Forming by a Multiple-Tool Shaping Head 6.2.1.4 Straight Bevel Gear Forming Methods 6.2.2 Gear Cutting by Generation 6.2.2.1 Gear Hobbing 6.2.2.2 Gear Shaping with Pinion Cutter 6.2.2.3 Gear Shaping with Rack Cutter 6.2.2.4 Cutting Straight Bevel Gears by Generation 6.3 Selection of Gear-Cutting Method 6.4 Gear Finishing Operations 6.4.1 Finishing Gears Prior to Hardening 6.4.1.1 Gear Shaving 6.4.1.2 Gear Burnishing 6.4.2 Finishing Gears after Hardening 6.4.2.1 Gear Grinding 6.4.3 Gear Lapping 6.5 Review Questions and Problems References Chapter 7 Turret and Capstan Lathes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Difference between Capstan and Turret Lathes 7.3 Selection and Application of Capstan and Turret Lathes 7.4 Principal Elements of Capstan and Turret Lathes 7.4.1 Headstock and Spindle Assembly 7.4.2 Carriage/Cross-Slide Unit 7.4.3 Hexagonal Turret 7.4.3.1 Manually Controlled Machines 7.4.3.2 Automatically Controlled Headstock Turret Lathes 7.4.4 Cross-Sliding Hexagonal Turret 7.5 Turret Tooling Setups 7.5.1 Job Analysis 7.5.2 Tooling Layout 7.6 Review Questions References Chapter 8 Automated Lathes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Degree of Automation and Production Capacity 8.3 Classification of Automated Lathes 8.4 Semiautomatic Lathes 8.4.1 Single-Spindle Semiautomatics 8.4.2 Multispindle Semiautomatics 8.5 Fully Automatic Lathes 8.5.1 Single-Spindle Automatic 8.5.1.1 Turret Automatic Screw Machine 8.5.1.2 Swiss-Type Automatic 8.5.2 Horizontal Multispindle Bar and Chucking Automatics 8.5.2.1 Special Features of Multispindle Automatics 8.5.2.2 Characteristics of Parallel- and Progressive-Action Multispindle Automatic 8.5.2.3 Operation Principles and Constructional Features of a Progressive Multispindle Automatic 8.6 Design and Layout of Cams for Fully Automatics 8.6.1 Tooling Layout and Establishing a Sequence of Operation 8.6.2 Cam Design 8.6.3 Illustrative Examples on Cam Design and Tooling Layout for Single- and Multi-Spindle Automatics 8.7 Review Questions and Problems References Chapter 9 Numerical Control and Computer Numerical Control 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Coordinate System 9.2.1 Machine-Tool Axes for NC 9.2.2 Quadrant Notation 9.2.3 Point Location 9.2.4 Zero Point Location 9.2.5 Setup Point 9.2.6 Absolute and Incremental Positioning 9.3 Machine Movements In Numerical Control Systems 9.4 Interpolation 9.5 Control of Numerical Control Machine Tools 9.6 Components of Numerical Control Machine Tools 9.7 Tooling for Numerical Control Machines 9.8 Types of Numerical Control Machine Tools 9.9 Input Units 9.10 Forms of Numerical Control Instructions 9.11 Program Format 9.12 Feed and Spindle Speed Coding 9.12.1 Feed Rate Coding 9.12.2 Spindle Speed Coding 9.13 Features of Numerical Control Systems 9.14 Part Programming 9.15 Programming Machining Centers 9.15.1 Planning the Program 9.15.2 Canned Cycles 9.16 Programming Turning Centers 9.16.1 Planning the Program 9.16.2 Canned Turning Cycles 9.17 Computer-Assisted Part Programming 9.17.1 Automatically Programmed Tools Language 9.17.2 Programming Stages 9.18 CAD/CAM Approach to Part Programming 9.18.1 Computer-Aided Design 9.18.2 Computer-Aided Manufacturing 9.18.2.1 Postprocessor 9.18.2.2 Simulation 9.18.2.3 Download the CNC Programs 9.19 Review Questions References Chapter 10 Automated Manufacturing Systems 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Manufacturing Systems 10.3 Flexible Automation–Flexible Manufacturing Systems 10.3.1 Elements of Flexible Manufacturing System 10.3.2 Limitations of Flexible Manufacturing System 10.3.3 Features and Characteristics 10.3.4 New Developments in Flexible Manufacturing System Technology 10.4 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 10.4.1 Computer-Aided Design 10.4.2 Computer-Aided Process Planning 10.4.3 Computer-Aided Manufacturing 10.5 Lean Production—Just-in-Time Manufacturing Systems 10.5.1 Steps for Implementing the IMPS Lean Production 10.5.2 Just-in-Time and Just-in-Case Production Advantages of Just-in-Time 10.6 Adaptive Control 10.6.1 Integration of AC into CAD/CAM/CIM Systems 10.7 Smart Manufacturing and Artificial Intelligence 10.7.1 Expert Systems 10.7.2 Machine Vision 10.7.3 Artificial Neural Networks 10.7.4 Natural-Language Systems 10.7.5 Fuzzy Logic (Fuzzy Models) 10.8 Factory of the Future 10.9 Concluding Remarks Related to Automated Manufacturing 10.10 Review Questions References Chapter 11 Machine-Tool Dynamometers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Design Features and Requirements 11.2.1 Rapier Parameters for Dynamometer Design 11.2.2 Main Requirements of a Good Dynamometer 11.3 Dynamometers Based On Displacement Measurements 11.3.1 Two-Channel Cantilever (Chisholm) Dynamometer 11.3.2 Two-Channel Slotted Cantilever Dynamometer 11.4 Dynamometers Based on Strain Measurement 11.4.1 Strain Gauges and Wheatstone Bridges 11.4.2 Cantilever Strain Gauge Dynamometers 11.4.3 Octagonal Ring Dynamometers 11.4.3.1 Strain Rings and Octagonal Ring Transducers 11.4.3.2 Turning Dynamometer 11.4.3.3 Surface Plunge-Cut Grinding Dynamometer 11.4.3.4 Milling Dynamometers 11.5 Piezoelectric (Quartz) Dynamometers 11.5.1 Principles and Features 11.5.2 Typical Piezoelectric Dynamometers 11.6 Review Questions References Index Volume 02 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Author Biographies List of Symbols List of Acronyms Unit I Non-Traditional Machining Operations and Non-Traditional Machine Tools Chapter 1 Non-Traditional Machining Processes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification of Non-Traditional Machining Processes 1.3 Review Questions References Chapter 2 Mechanical Non-Traditional Machining Operations and Machine Tools 2.1 Jet Machines and Operations 2.1.1 Abrasive Jet Machining 2.1.1.1 Process Characteristics and Applications 2.1.1.2 Work Station of Abrasive Jet Machining 2.1.1.3 Process Capabilities 2.1.2 Water Jet Machining (Hydrodynamic Machining) 2.1.2.1 Process Characteristics and Applications 2.1.2.2 Equipment of WJM 2.1.2.3 Process Capabilities 2.1.3 Abrasive Water Jet Machining 2.1.3.1 Process Characteristics and Applications 2.1.3.2 AWJM Equipment 2.1.3.3 Process Capabilities 2.2 Ultrasonic Machining 2.2.1 Definition, Characteristics, and Applications 2.2.2 USM Equipment 2.2.3 Design of Acoustic Horns 2.2.4 Process Capabilities 2.2.5 Recent Developments 2.3 Abrasive Flow Machining 2.3.1 Principles 2.3.2 Process Parameters of Abrasive Flow Machining 2.3.3 Applications of AFM 2.4 Review Questions and Problems References Chapter 3 Chemical and Electrochemical Non-Traditional Machining Operations and Machine Tools 3.1 Chemical Machining 3.1.1 Chemical Milling 3.1.2 Photochemical Machining (Spray Etching) 3.2 Electrochemical Machines and Operations 3.2.1 Process Characteristics and Applications 3.2.2 Elements of ECM 3.2.3 ECM Equipment (EC Sinking Machine) 3.2.4 Process Capabilities 3.2.5 ECM Allied Processes 3.2.5.1 Shaped Tube Electrolytic Machining 3.2.5.2 Electrostream (Capillary) Drilling 3.2.5.3 Electrochemical Jet Drilling 3.2.5.4 Electrochemical Deburring 3.2.5.5 Electrochemical Polishing 3.2.5.6 Electrochemical Sharpening 3.2.5.7 Electrochemical Grinding 3.2.5.8 Electrochemical Honing 3.3 Review Questions and Problems References Chapter 4 Thermo-Electrical Non-Traditional Machining Operations and Machine Tools 4.1 Electrical Discharge Machines and Operations 4.1.1 Process Characteristics and Applications 4.1.2 Sinking Machine 4.1.3 EDM-Spark Circuits (Power Supply Circuits) 4.1.3.1 Resistance-Capacitance RC Circuit 4.1.3.2 Transistorized Pulse Generator Circuits 4.1.4 EDM Tool Electrodes 4.1.5 Process Capabilities 4.1.6 EDM Allied Processes 4.1.6.1 Electrical Discharge Milling (ED Milling) 4.1.6.2 Electrical Discharge Wire Cutting 4.2 Electron Beam Machining Equipment and Operations 4.2.1 Process Characteristics and Applications 4.2.2 Electron Beam Machining Equipment 4.2.3 Process Capabilities 4.3 Laser Beam Machining Equipment and Operations 4.3.1 Process Characteristics 4.3.2 Types of Lasers 4.3.2.1 Pyrolithic and Photolithic Lasers 4.3.2.2 Industrial Lasers 4.3.3 Laser Beam Machining Operations 4.3.4 LBM Equipment 4.3.5 Applications and Capabilities 4.4 Plasma Arc Cutting Systems and Operations 4.4.1 Process Characteristics 4.4.2 Plasma Arc Cutting Systems 4.4.3 Applications and Capabilities of PAC 4.5 Review Questions and Problems References Unit II Advanced Machining Technology Chapter 5 Machining of DTC Materials (Stainless Steels and Super Alloys) by Traditional and 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Traditional Machining of Stainless Steels 5.2.1 Types, Characteristics, and Applications of SSs 5.2.2 Machinability and Machinability Ratings of SSs 5.2.2.1 Free-Machining Additives of Stainless Steels 5.2.2.2 Machinability of Free- and Non-Free-Machining Stainless Steels 5.2.2.3 Enhanced Machining Stainless Steels 5.2.2.4 Machinability Ratings of Stainless Steels 5.2.3 Machining and Machining Conditions of SSs 5.3 Traditional Machining of Super Alloys 5.3.1 Types, Characteristics, and Applications of SAs 5.3.2 Machinability and Machinability Rating of Super Alloys 5.3.2.1 Machinability Aspects of Super Alloys 5.3.2.2 Machinability Rating of Super Alloys 5.3.3 Machining and Machining Conditions of Super Alloys 5.4 Non-Traditional Machining of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 5.4.1 Machining of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys by Mechanical Techniques 5.4.2 Machining SSs and SAs by Electrochemical and Chemical Techniques 5.4.3 Thermoelectric Machining of Stainless Steels and Super Alloys 5.5 Review Questions References Chapter 6 Machining of DTC Materials (Ceramics and Composites) by Traditional and Non-Traditional Methods 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Machining of Ceramic Materials 6.2.1 Ceramic as a Promising Engineering Material 6.2.2 Types, Characteristics, Classification, and Applications of Ceramics 6.2.2.1 Types, Characteristics, and Classification 6.2.2.2 Fields of Applications 6.2.3 Fabrication Techniques of Crystalline Ceramics 6.2.3.1 Processing Techniques and Shaping of Green Bodies 6.2.3.2 Green Machining Processes of Green and Pre-Sintered Ceramics 6.2.3.3 Hard Machining Processes of Sintered Ceramics 6.3 Machining of Composite Materials 6.3.1 Types, Characteristics, and Applications of Composites 6.3.2 Traditional Machining and Machinability of Composites 6.3.3 Non-Traditional Machining and Machinability of Composites 6.4 Review Questions References Chapter 7 Assisted Machining Technologies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Thermal-Assisted Machining 7.2.1 Laser-Assisted Machining 7.2.2 Plasma-Assisted Machining 7.3 Vibration-Assisted Machining (VAM) 7.3.1 Principles and Aims of VAM 7.3.2 Vibration-Assisted Traditional Machining Processes 7.3.2.1 Vibration-Assisted Turning 7.3.2.2 Vibration-Assisted Drilling 7.3.2.3 Vibration-Assisted Milling 7.3.2.4 Vibration-Assisted Grinding 7.3.3 Vibration-Assisted Non-Traditional Machining Processes 7.3.3.1 Vibration-Assisted Electrochemical Machining (VAECM) 7.3.3.2 Vibration-Assisted Electrodischarge Machining 7.3.3.3 Vibration-Assisted Laser Beam Machining 7.3.3.4 Vibration-Assisted Abrasive Water Jet Machining 7.4 Magnetic Field-Assisted Processes 7.4.1 Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) 7.4.1.1 Finishing of Outer Cylindrical Surfaces and Typical Machining Conditions of MAF 7.4.1.2 MAF Finishing of Inner Cylindrical Surfaces 7.4.1.3 Semi-Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (SMAF) 7.4.1.4 Other MAF Applications 7.4.2 Magnetic Float Polishing (MFP) or Magnetic Fluid Grinding (MFG) 7.4.3 Advantages of MFAP 7.4.4 Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) 7.4.5 Magnetorheological Abrasive Flow Finishing (MRAFF) 7.5 Review Questions References Chapter 8 Design for Machining 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 General Design Rules 8.2 General Design Recommendations 8.3 Design for Machining by Cutting 8.3.1 Turning 8.3.1.1 Economic Production Quantities 8.3.1.2 Design Recommendations for Turning 8.3.1.3 Dimensional Control 8.3.2 Drilling and Allied Operations 8.3.2.1 Economic Production Quantities 8.3.2.2 Design Recommendations for Drilling and Allied Operations 8.3.2.3 Dimensional Control 8.3.3 Milling 8.3.3.1 Design Recommendations 8.3.3.2 Dimensional Factors and Tolerances 8.3.4 Shaping, Planing, and Slotting 8.3.4.1 Design Recommendations 8.3.4.2 Dimensional Control 8.3.5 Broaching 8.3.5.1 Design Recommendations 8.3.5.2 Dimensional Factors 8.3.5.3 Recommended Tolerances 8.3.6 Thread Cutting 8.3.6.1 Design Recommendations 8.3.6.2 Dimensional Factors and Tolerances 8.3.7 Gear Cutting 8.3.7.1 Design Recommendations 8.3.7.2 Dimensional Factors 8.4 Design for Grinding 8.4.1 Surface Grinding 8.4.1.1 Design Recommendations 8.4.1.2 Dimensional Control 8.4.2 Cylindrical Grinding 8.4.2.1 Design Recommendations 8.4.2.2 Dimensional Factors 8.4.3 Centerless Grinding 8.4.3.1 Design Recommendations 8.4.3.2 Dimensional Control 8.5 Design for Abrasive Finishing Processes 8.5.1 Honing 8.5.2 Lapping 8.5.3 Superfinishing 8.6 Design for Chemical and Electrochemical Machining 8.6.1 Chemical Machining 8.6.1.1 Design Recommendations 8.6.1.2 Dimensional Factors and Tolerances 8.6.2 Electrochemical Machining 8.6.2.1 Design Recommendations 8.6.2.2 Dimensional Factors 8.6.3 Electrochemical Grinding 8.6.3.1 Design Recommendations 8.6.3.2 Dimensional Factors 8.7 Design for Thermal Machining 8.7.1 Electrodischarge Machining 8.7.1.1 Design Recommendations 8.7.1.2 Dimensional Factors 8.7.2 Electron Beam Machining 8.7.3 Laser Beam Machining 8.8 Design for Ultrasonic Machining 8.9 Design for Abrasive Jet Machining 8.10 Review Questions References Chapter 9 Accuracy and Surface Integrity Realized by Machining Processes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Surface Texture 9.3 Surface Quality and Functional Properties 9.4 Surface Integrity 9.5 Surface Effects by Traditional Machining 9.5.1 Chip Removal Processes 9.5.2 Grinding 9.6 Surface Effects by Non-Traditional Machining 9.6.1 Electrochemical and Chemical Machining 9.6.2 Thermal Non-Traditional Processes 9.6.2.1 Electrodischarge Machining 9.6.2.2 Laser Beam Machining 9.6.2.3 Electron Beam Machining 9.6.2.4 Plasma Beam Machining (PBM) 9.6.2.5 Electroerosion Dissolution Machining 9.6.2.6 Electrochemical Discharge Grinding 9.6.3 Mechanical Non-Traditional Processes 9.7 Reducing Distortion and Surface Effects in Machining 9.8 Review Questions References Chapter 10 Environment-Friendly Machine Tools and Operations 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Traditional Machining 10.2.1 Cutting Fluids 10.2.1.1 Classification of Cutting Fluids 10.2.1.2 Selection of Cutting Fluids 10.2.1.3 Evaluation of Cutting Fluids 10.2.2 Hazard Ranking of Cutting Fluids 10.2.3 Health Hazards of Cutting Fluids 10.2.4 Cryogenic Cooling 10.2.5 Ecological Machining 10.2.6 Factors Affecting the Use of MQL 10.2.7 Applications of Ecological Machining 10.3 Non-Traditional Machining Processes 10.3.1 Chemical Machining 10.3.2 Electrochemical Machining 10.3.3 Electrodischarge Machining 10.3.3.1 Protective Measures 10.3.4 Laser Beam Machining 10.3.5 Ultrasonic Machining 10.3.5.1 Electromagnetic Field 10.3.5.2 Ultrasonic Waves 10.3.5.3 Abrasives Slurry 10.3.5.4 Contact Hazards 10.3.5.5 Other Hazards 10.3.6 Abrasive Jet Machining 10.4 Review Questions References Chapter 11 Hexapods and Machining Technology 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical Background 11.3 Hexapod Mechanism and Design Features 11.3.1 Hexapod Mechanism 11.3.2 Design Features 11.3.2.1 Hexapods of Telescopic Struts (Ingersoll System) 11.3.2.2 Hexapods of Ball Screw Struts (Hexel and Geodetic System) 11.4 Hexapod Constructional Elements 11.4.1 Strut Assembly 11.4.2 Sphere Drive 11.4.3 Bifurcated Balls 11.4.4 Spindles 11.4.5 Articulated Head 11.4.6 Upper Platform 11.4.7 Control System 11.5 Hexapod Characteristics 11.6 Manufacturing Applications 11.7 Review Questions References Index