Nitric Oxide: From Research to Therapeutics

Description

This book entitled "Nitric Oxide: From Research to Therapeutics" includes the most recent information about the role of Nitric Oxide (NO) in physiology, pathophysiology and its translation to therapeutics. The Editors are vastly experienced in the field of NO research. The international panels of contributors to the various chapters of the book are all well-established researchers and health professionals who have worked in different areas of NO physiology and pathophysiology, and have made a considerable impact in the field. The book is a comprehensive collection of the most recent information on NO as a physiological regulator and its diverse potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment for a variety of disease states. This compilation is aimed at professionals and students from both academia and the industry in the areas of basic biomedical and clinical sciences. Preface Contents 1 Translating Nitric Oxide Research to Therapeutics: A Critical Appraisal Introduction NO Formation Factors Affecting NO Production Nitric Oxide Dynamics Sources of Nitric Oxide Therapeutic Potential of NO Conclusion References 2 Nitric Oxide and Cardiovascular Health Introduction Nitric Oxide Synthesis Regulation of Intracellular Levels of Nitric Oxide Cross-Talk Between Oxidative Stress and Nitrosative Stress Nitric Oxide Signaling Nitric Oxide and Cardiovascular Diseases Conclusions References 3 Nitric Oxide and Cardiovascular Diseases: Cardioprotection, Complications and Therapeutics Introduction Nitric Oxide (NO) and NO Synthases (NOS) Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) NO Synthesis and Distribution NO and Vaso-Modulation The Link Between NO and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Signaling Cardiovascular Homeostasis Maintenance by NO-NOS Homeostasis in Blood Vessels Homeostasis in Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) Homeostasis in Cardiac Myocytes Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Nerve Cells NOS, NO and Cardiovascular Disease Endothelial Dysfunction NOS and NO in Cardiac Remodeling Contribution of NOS and NO in Common CVDs Hypertension Diabetes Heart Failure and Ventricular Hypertrophy Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis NO Signaling and Therapeutics and Pitfalls SGC Stimulators or Activators BH4 or Folate Supplementation Nitroxyl (HNO) Nitrate and Nitrite Supplementation PDE Inhibitors Experiences Form Clinical Studies Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 4 Nitric Oxide and the Heart Autonomic Nervous System Nitric Oxide in the Heart Nitric Oxide and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Intrinsic Cardiac Nervous System Role of Nitric Oxide as a Mediator of Cardiac Parasympathetic Effects Role of Nitric Oxide as a Modulator of Cardiac Sympathetic Effects NO as a Mediator in Autonomic Regulation of the Cardiac Conduction System NO as a Mediator in Autonomic Regulation of Coronary Flow Conclusion References 5 Exercise Induced NO Modulation in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases Nitric Oxide and Exercise Nitric Oxide Synthases Nitric Oxide—Mechanism of Action Nitric Oxide and Cardiovascular System Erythrocyte Derived NO and Exercise Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Cardiovascular System and Physical Activity NO, Exercise and Cardiovascular Diseases Hypertension Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, Stroke Heart Failure Concluding Remarks References 6 Nitric Oxide-cGMP-PKG Signaling in the Cardioprotective Effects of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors Introduction Nitric Oxide (NO)—A Key Signaling Molecule in Cardioprotection Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases PDE5 as Therapeutic Target for Cardiac Protection Cardioprotection in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome Conclusions References 7 Role of Nitric Oxide Synthases in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy Introduction Dox-Induced Cardiac Effects Mitigation of Dox-Induced Cardiac Effects The Challenge Nitrosative Stress Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOS) Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS) Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Nitric Oxide Signaling Nitrosative Stress Modulation of NOS Inflammatory Responses Conclusions References 8 Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Neutrophil Ontogeny and Functions Neutrophil Ontogeny NOS/NO Signaling NOS/NO and Granulopoiesis Molecular Mechanisms in NOS/NO Driven Granulopoiesis NO/NOSs in Neutrophils Pathological Conditions Nitric Oxide-Mediated Modulation of PMNs Functions Conclusion and Future Perspective References 9 Cell Death-NO-Today: Effect of NO and RNS on Non-apoptotic Regulated Cell Death Introduction Sources of Nitric Oxide Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and Nitrosative Stress Protein Modification in NO Signalling Defence Against Nitrosative Stress Programmed Cell Death NO in Autophagy Induction NO Mediated Inhibition of Autophagy Positive Interaction Between Nitric Oxide and Inflammasome NO as Inflammasome Inhibitor Inflammasome and S-nitrosylation Ferroptosis and Nitric Oxide Lipid Oxidation, Iron and Nitrosative Stress Peroxynitrite Mediated DNA Modifications NO Mediated Parthanatos NO and RNS as Necroptosis Inducers Role of RNS in NETs Formation Conclusion and Further Perspective References 10 Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Insulin Secretion to Carbohydrate Metabolism Introduction NO in Insulin Secretion NO in Insulin Sensing NO in Glucose Metabolism Conclusion References 11 Nitric Oxide as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool in Respiratory Diseases Introduction Source and Biosynthesis of NO Nitric Oxide—Cytotoxicity Versus Cytoprotection: A Question of Balance Role of NO in the Physiology of the Lungs NO and Bronchodilation NO and Bronchoprotection NO and Pulmonary Vasculature NO and Airway Secretions Exhaled NO as a Non-invasive Biomarker for a Variety of Respiratory Conditions FeNO and Asthma FeNO and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease FeNO and Cystic Fibrosis FeNO and Bronchiectasis FeNO and Rhinitis FeNO and Interstitial Lung Diseases FeNO and Pulmonary Hypertension FeNO and Infections NO Inhalation: A Therapeutic Tool in Respiratory Diseases Inhaled NO in Lung Transplantation Inhaled NO In Respiratory Distress Syndrome Inhaled NO in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Inhaled NO in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Response to COVID-19 Conclusions References 12 Therapeutic Potential of Nitric Oxide in the Management of COVID-19 Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Introduction SARS-CoV2 or COVID-19 Induced Pathological Changes Classification of Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment Nitric Oxide and its Impact on the Pulmonary System NO and it’s Potential in COVID-19 Induced Lung Injury Conclusion References 13 Emerging Novel Therapies for COVID-19: Implications for the Use of Nitric Oxide as an Anti-COVID-19 Therapy Introduction COVID-19 Problems and Challenges in the Treatment Failures of Repurposed Drugs in Treatment of COVID-19 Emerging Anti-COVID-19 Therapies Antivirals Immunosuppressants ACE Inhibitors Vitamins Add on Therapies Nitric Oxide Respiratory Tract Pathology During COVID-19 Infection Rationale for Nitric Oxide Use in COVID-19 Preclinical Evidences on Role of NO/iNOS Inhibitors in Viral Infections NO in Physiology and Pathology of Viral Infection Clinical Studies on NO in Treatment of Viral Infections NO in COVID-19/Viral Infections Conclusion References 14 Sex Differences in Stress and Stress Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Focus on Nitric Oxide Introduction NO Signaling in the CNS: An Overview NO Signaling in the Brain and Gonadal Hormones NO and Sex Differences in Brain and Behavioral Responses to Stress NO and Sex Differences in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Targeting NO and NO-Mediated Signaling as a Treatment for Stress and Mood Disorders Conclusion and Perspectives References 15 Nitric Oxide in Major Depressive Disorder Introduction General Aspects of Nitric Oxide in the Brain No and Mental Health Disorders Clinical Evidence Preclinical Evidence Conclusion References 16 Nitric Oxide in Parkinson’s Disease: Insights into Research and Therapeutics Introduction Molecular Targets of Nitric Oxide in PD Nitric Oxide and Nitrosative Stress in PD Clinical Evidence for the Involvement of Nitric Oxide in PD Pharmacological Agents Targeting Nitric Oxide in Preclinical PD Models Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors Potential of Antioxidants Acting Through Nitric Oxide Pathway in PD Concluding Remarks and Future Directions References 17 Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and NO-System Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and NO Particular Relationships Between the NO-System as a Follow Up of the NO-Agents Effects Triple Relationships L-NAME Versus L-Arginine Versus L-NAME + L-Arginine, All Together, as an Indicator How NO-System May be Involved Both L-NAME and L-Arginine in the Similar Disease Condition L-NAME and L-Arginine May Have Both Opposite and Parallel Effect; BPC 157 Effect Delineation of Both Opposite and Parallel of Effects of L-NAME and L-Arginine Conclusion References 18 Exploring the Gastroprotective, Ulcer Healing and Chemopreventive Properties of Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs A New Class of Anti-inflammatory Drugs Containing the NO Moiety and Stomach Protection. Evidence from Preclinical Studies NO-Releasing NSAIDs Versus Conventional NSAIDs in the Mechanism of Gastric Ulcer Healing The Importance of NO-NSAIDs in Protecting the Stomach Against Experimental Ethanol Damage, Stress, and Ischemia–Reperfusion Anticarcinogenic and Chemopreventive Potential of NO-Releasing NSAIDs References 19 The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Etiopathogenesis of Preeclampsia Introduction Role of Nitric Oxide in Preeclampsia Nitric Oxide Basics Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia Role of Nitric Oxide in Normal Pregnancy Role of NO in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia ADMA and Preeclampsia Antioxidant Defense System in Preeclampsia Vitamins (Vitamin C, E) Superoxide Dismutase (Mn-SOD, CuZn-SOD, EC-SOD) Catalase Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Oxidative Stress Biomarkers for Preeclampsia Conclusion References 20 Therapeutic Prospects of Nitric Oxide as an Anti-teratogen Introduction Cadmium as an Environmental Teratogen Thalidomide as a Drug Teratogen Prevention of Birth Defects Nitric Oxide and Teratogenicity Scope of Nitric Oxide as an Anti-teratogen Methodology Drug Administration to the Chicken Embryos Morphological Analysis Histopathology Study of Eye Transcriptome Sequencing and Analysis Results To Study the Anti-teratogenic Effect of NO Against Teratogens Nitric Oxide Recovers the Eye Structural Integrity Affected by Thalidomide Enrichment of Pathways Based on Transcriptome Sequencing Modulated by Thalidomide and Thalidomide-Nitric Oxide Combination Discussion Summary References 21 Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complexes: Photoinduced Delivery of NO to Different Biological Targets Introduction Synthesis of NO in the Biosystem Biological Significance of NO Cardiovascular Function of NO Function of NO in CNS NO Function in Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) Exogenous Organic NO Carriers Exogenous Inorganic NO Carriers Ruthenium Nitrosyl (Ru–NO) Complexes Porphyrin Based Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complexes Polypyridyl Ligands Based Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complexes Imine and Carboxamido Ligand-Based Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complexes Organometallic Ru–NO Complexes Conclusions References 22 Nitric Oxide Regulation in Microparticles Introduction Endothelial Microparticles Nitric Oxide and Endothelial Microparticles NOS in EMP Mediated Inflammation NO in EMP Mediated Vascular Function EMP in Cardiovascular Diseases EMP in Hepatic Diseases EMP as Double Edge Sword Potential Action of NO During Diseases Role of NO Mediated Cellular EMP Generation and Functions Cell Migration Angiogenesis Inflammation Oxygen Radical (O2−) Cytotoxicity NO Formation in EMP Targets and Physiological Function of NO in EMP NOS Inhibitors in EMP and Therapeutic Implications Drug Mediated Effect Conclusion References