January Moon: The Northern Cheyenne Breakout from Fort Robinson, 1878-1879

Description

Historian Jerome A. Greene is renowned for his memorable chronicles of egregious events involving American Indians and the U.S. military, including Sand Creek, Washita, and Wounded Knee. Now, in January Moon, Greene draws from extensive research and fieldwork to explore a signal—and appallingly brutal—event in American history: the desperate flight of Chief Dull Knife’s Northern Cheyenne Indians from imprisonment at Fort Robinson, Nebraska. In the wake of the Great Sioux War of 1876–77, the U.S. government expelled most Northern Cheyennes from their northern plains homeland to Indian Territory, in present-day Oklahoma. Following mounting hardships, many of those people, under Chiefs Dull Knife and Little Wolf, broke away, seeking to return north. While Little Wolf’s band managed initially to elude pursuing U.S. troops, Dull Knife’s people were captured in 1878 and ushered into a makeshift barrack prison at Camp (later Fort) Robinson, where they spent months waiting for government officials to decide their fate. It is here that Greene’s riveting narrative edges toward its climax. On the night of January 9, 1879, in a bloody struggle with troops, Dull Knife’s people staged a massive breakout from their barrack prison in a last-ditch bid for freedom. Greene paints a vivid picture of their frantic escape, which took place under an unusually brilliant moon that doomed many of those fleeing by silhouetting them against the snow. A climactic engagement at Antelope Creek proved especially devastating, and the helpless people were nearly annihilated. In gripping detail, Greene follows the survivors’ dreadful experiences into their aftermath, including creation of the Northern Cheyenne Reservation. Carrying the story to the present day, he describes Cheyenne tribal events commemorating the breakout—all designed to ensure that the injustices of nineteenth-century U.S. government policy will never be forgotten. List of Illustrations ix Preface and Acknowledgments xi Prologue 3 1. Provenance 4 2. Coming Home 18 3. Time, Place, and the River 33 4. Prison House 41 5. Long Nose 57 6. Commencement 66 7. Violent Night 99 8. Hat Creek Road 115 9. Mortal End 135 10. Scrutiny 144 11. Pine Ridge Interlude 165 12. Denouement 168 13. Reflections 184 Epilogue: Homecoming 199 Appendix A. List of Indians Wounded 207 Appendix B. List of Army Casualties 209 Appendix C. Captain Wessells’s Account 211 Appendix D. Cheyenne Names and Relationships 216 Appendix E. General Sheridan’s Report to the Adjutant General, February 25, 1879 223 Appendix F. Northern Cheyenne Guns Surrendered or Captured, 1878–1879 227 Notes 233 Bibliography 303 Index 319