Financing Urban Shelter : Global Report on Human Settlements 2005

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'Achieving the goals set by world leaders in the United Nations Millennium Declaration will be difficult without a significant improvement in the lives of slum dwellers, and the lives of slum dwellers cannot be improved without the sound and sustainable economic development that is conducive to the establishment of a strong shelter sector. As Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements 2005 emphasizes, one of the key challenges in meeting the Millennium Declaration Goal on slums is mobilization of the financial resources necessary for both slum upgrading and slum prevention by.  Read more... Abstract: 'Achieving the goals set by world leaders in the United Nations Millennium Declaration will be difficult without a significant improvement in the lives of slum dwellers, and the lives of slum dwellers cannot be improved without the sound and sustainable economic development that is conducive to the establishment of a strong shelter sector. As Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements 2005 emphasizes, one of the key challenges in meeting the Millennium Declaration Goal on slums is mobilization of the financial resources necessary for both slum upgrading and slum prevention by Content: FINANCING URBAN SHELTER GLOBAL REPORT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2005 Copyright Foreword Introduction Acknowledgements CONTENTS List of Figures, Boxes and Tables List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Key Issues, Findings and Messages MDG Special Feature: Financing the Target on Slums Synopsis PART I ECONOMIC AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT CHAPTER 1 Challenges of Sustainable Shelter Development in Macroeconomic Context Understanding Urban Shelter Development Challenges Demographic framework Translating demographic growth into the demand for housing and infrastructure. Socio-behavioural frameworkEconomic framework Environmental framework Financial framework International development aid Foreign direct investment National public investment in shelter Valuing urban assets Governance framework Mobilizing finance: removing constraints and reducing risks Addressing shelter and infrastructure standards Constraints to mobilizing resources Risks to providers of finance for low-income households The Macroeconomic Context of Urban Shelter Development Patterns of economic growth Sectoral performance and productivity Income distribution and inequality. Poverty and employmentSavings External debt Patterns of investment Foreign investment Public investment Private investment The impact of external factors on macroeconomic performance The urbanization of national economies Concluding Remarks Notes CHAPTER 2 Shelter Policy and Finance: Retrospective Overview Context to International Thoughts on Financing for Urban Development Trends in Shelter and Municipal Finance Development: 1972-2004 Between 1972 and 1982: Habitat I The project approach Self-help Who took part in and benefited from the projects? Towards financial sustainability: the 1980sStructural adjustment: towards macroeconomic orthodoxy The birth of the enabling strategy: the mid 1980s Sustainability and the Brown agenda Whole-sector development: 1987 onwards The Global Strategy for Shelter Focus on building institutional capacity to develop housing and urban services Finance capital in development Globalization of Finance The New Millennium: Policies and Organizations in Shelter and Urban Development The Habitat Agenda Reaching the lowest income groups: community-based finance The right to housing Concluding Remarks. NotesCHAPTER 3 Financing Urban Development Municipal Finance and Urban Development: The Main Issues National Municipal Finance Systems Sources of Municipal Finance Transfers Taxes on property and businesses User fees Betterment taxes and development exactions Borrowing Short-term borrowing Credit enhancement, access to financial institutions and capital markets Income-generating enterprises Municipal development funds Other sources Municipal Spending Patterns Local government budgeting Participatory budgeting Multi-year capital budgeting. Lack of funds for maintaining existing assets.