From Slavery to Aid: Politics, Labour, and Ecology in the Nigerien Sahel, 1800–2000

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From Slavery to Aid engages two major themes in African historiography, the slow death of slavery and the evolution of international development, and reveals their interrelation in the social history of the region of Ader in the Nigerien Sahel. Benedetta Rossi traces the historical transformations that turned a society where slavery was a fundamental institution into one governed by the goals and methods of ‘aid’. Over an impressive sweep of time - from the pre-colonial power of the Caliphate of Sokoto to the aid-driven governments of the present - this study explores the problem that has remained the central conundrum throughout Ader’s history: how workers could meet subsistence needs and employers fulfil recruitment requirements in an area where natural resources are constantly exposed to the climatic hazards characteristic of the edge of the Sahara. Cover Half-title Dedication Series information Title page Copyright information Table of contents List of Maps List of Figures Preface and Acknowledgements Maps and illustrations Note on Language, Names, and Anonymisation Transcription of common and proper names The name ‘Ader’ Anonymisation Note on the terminology of slavery Currency Conversion Rates Lis of Acronyms and Abbreviations Glossary 1 At the Desert's Edge Ecology and Politics The Imperative of Mobility From Slavery to Aid For a Perspectival History Conclusion 2 Between Sokoto and Agadez: Inter-Ethnic Hierarchy in the Nineteenth Century Land and People Ader at the Time of Sokoto's Expansion Sokoto's Tenuous Hold On Ader View From Within: Environmental and Political Insecurity The Organisation of Dependence in Tuareg Hierarchies Tributes, Violence, and Slavery Tributes Violence Slavery Asna Social and Supernatural Hierarchies Keita, the Lake The Sacrifice Asna-Tuareg Networks Conclusion 3 Entangled Histories of Colonial Occupation, 1899-1917 Prelude to Occupation ‘It Was Necessary to Show We Were the Strongest’ Attitudes of Indigenous Chiefs: Hausa and Lissawan Submission Kel Gress Defeats at Zanguebe and Galma Makhammad and Iwellemmeden Resistance Normalising Government: Borders, Chiefs, and the ‘Bellah Question’ ‘The Bellah is Indispensable to the Tuareg’ The Uprisings of 1916-1917 Epilogue: The Massacre of Tanout 4 Governing Labour - Slave, Forced, and Migrant, 1918-1945 Slow Death of the Indigénat Persistence of the Question Bellah The Crisis of Native Rule Prestations: Between Forced Labour and Fiscal Obligations The Migration Question From Slaves to Migrants Conclusion 5 The Development of ‘Development’, 1946-1983 The Will To Develop: Colonial mise en valeur in the Keita Valley The Invention of a ‘Voluntary Region’ The Committee of the Ader Doutchi Majiya How the New Institutions Worked Recasting Labour as Participation Social Impacts of Developmentalism in Keita, Tamaske, and Ibohamane The Development Society Desertification in National and International Policy The Initiative of Italian Cooperation in the Sahel Conclusion 6 Fighting Against the Desert, 1984-2000 The Keita Project Managing ‘the Keita Miracle’ Sensitising the Peasant La Femme de Keita Women Workers in the Project's Worksites Gender, Development, and the Slow Death of Slavery Negotiating Gender and Status in the Keita Project The Project and Labour Migration Conclusion 7 Between Development and Dependence Change and Continuity at the Desert's Edge Aid, Subjectification, and Subjection The Experience of Dependence Bibliography Oral Testimonies and Interviews 1999 2005 2008 2010 Fieldnotes Archives Archives Nationales de France, Centre d'Archives d'Outre-Mer (Aix en Provence): ANF-CAOM Service Historique de la Défense, Bibliothèque de l'Armée de Terre (Paris, Chateau de Vincennes): SHD-BAT Archives Nationales du Senegal: ANS Archives Nationales du Niger: ANN Niamey, Archives du Ministere du Plan (AMP) Tahoua, Archives Regionales de Tahoua (ART) Tahoua, Service Regional du Genie Rural (SRGR) Keita, Archives du Projet Keita (APK) Primary Sources Secondary Sources Published secondary sources Unpublished secondary sources Theses Dictionaries Index