HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CHEMISTRY.

Description

Cover Title Page Copyright BRIEF CONTENTS CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 Guiding Chemical Principles CHAPTER 1 Applied Scene Chemistry Introduction Benner’s Model Behavior Event: Stress Behavior Event: Breach Behavior Event: Release Behavior Event: Engulfing Behavior Event: Impingement Behavior Event: Harm Measurement Units of Measurement Converting Between Units Scientific Notation Significant Figures Scientific Method and Decision Making Scientific Method Decision Making CHAPTER 2 Properties and Toxicology Introduction Properties of Matter Pure Substances Versus Non-Pure Substances Physical Properties Chemical Properties pH Ion Scale Toxicology Routes of Entry Types of Exposure Exposure Limits Reducing Potential Exposures Toxicological Considerations Reactions in the Body Testing for Exposure Effects CHAPTER 3 The Atom Introduction The Structure of Atoms The Periodic Table Families and Groups Electronic Structure of the Atom Electronic Relationships Periodic Trends Bonding Basics General Characteristics Radiation Alpha Particles Beta Particles Gamma Radiation Understanding Radioactivity and Radiation Absorbed Dose Radiation Hazard Protective Action Guides Stay Time Charts CHAPTER 4 Bonding Introduction Chemical Bonding Valence Electrons and Bonding The Ionic Bond The Covalent Bond Ionization of Molecules Lewis Structures Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures Resonance Structures and Formal Charge Valence-Shell, Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR): Predicting Geometry Molecular Shape and Polarity CHAPTER 5 Intermolecular Interactions and Predicting Physical Properties Introduction Intermolecular Forces in Pure Materials Dispersion Forces (Van der Waals) Dipole-Dipole Interactions Hydrogen Bonding The Ionic Bond Physical Properties of Pure Materials Phases of Matter Boiling Points Vapor Pressure Phase Diagram Intermolecular Forces in Mixtures The Ion-Dipole Interaction Energetics of Solution Formation Physical Properties of Liquid Solutions Vapor Pressure Lowering Boiling-Point Elevation and Freeze-Point Depression CHAPTER 6 Gases Introduction: Materials That Are Gases The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases Boyle’s Law: The Pressure-Volume Relationship Expansion Ratios Charles’ Law: Temperature Volume Relationship Avogadro’s Law: The Relationship Between Quantity and Volume The Ideal Gas Equation Gas Laws Revisited Boyle’s Law Revisited Charles’ Law Revisited The Relationship Between Temperature and Pressure Elevated Temperatures and Dangerous Conditions The Combined Gas Law Molar Masses and Gas Densities and Molecular Speeds Catastrophic Release of Condensed Liquefied Gases: Jack Rabbit Project Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures CHAPTER 7 Reaction Basics Introduction Chemical Equations Coefficients Versus Subscripts Law of Conservation of Matter Enthalpies of Reactions State Functions Bond Enthalpies Rate of Reaction Activation Energies Types of Chemical Reactions Precipitation Reactions Acid/Base Reactions Oxidation/Reduction SECTION 2 Chemical Nomenclature CHAPTER 8 Inorganic Compounds Introduction Chemical Icons Binary Compounds Metal Oxides Inorganic Peroxides Metal Hydroxides Hydrates Polyatomic Ions OxySalts OxyAcids Binary Acids Binary NonSalts Nonmetal Oxides (Fire Gases) Nitrogen-Containing Compounds CHAPTER 9 Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons Introduction Organic Compounds Organic Nomenclature Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Review of General IUPAC Naming Cyclo Compounds Aromatics Branching and Its Effects on Physical Properties Petroleum Derivatives CHAPTER 10 Substituted Hydrocarbon Compounds Introduction Halogenated Hydrocarbons Halons Methyl Chloride (Chloromethane) Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) Trichloromethane (Chloroform) Tetrachloromethane (Carbon Tetrachloride) Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups: Alcohols, Phenols, and Their Sulfur Analogs Alcohols Alcohol Analogs Phenols Sulfur Analogs Thiols Functional Groups with a Carbonyl Carbon Aldehydes Ketones Ester Organic Acids Ethers and Epoxides Ethers Organic Peroxides Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups Amines Amides Diazonium Salts Mustard Agents Nitro Groups Nitriles Isocyanates Polymers SECTION 3 Application CHAPTER 11 Tools of the Trade Introduction Tools of the Trade Placarding and Containers The Street Approach to the DOT Table Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Gases and Class 3: Flammable Liquids Class 4: Flammable Solids Class 5: Oxidizers Class 6: Poison Class 7: Radioactive Materials Class 8: Corrosive Materials Class 9: Miscellaneous Resource and Referencing Emergency Response Guidebook NIOSH Guide Book Safety Data Sheets General Monitoring and Detection Detection, Monitoring, and Sampling Current Detection Technologies CHAPTER 12 Risk-Based Response Introduction History of Models for Hazardous Materials Incidents DECIDE Model General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model Using Detection Devices in Risk-Based Response RBR Profile Detection of Unidentified Materials and Sampling Priorities Systematic Approach Analyze the Hazard Plan the Response Implement the Response Evaluate Progress CHAPTER 13 Weapons of Mass Destruction Introduction Chemical Agents Historical Background Activity and Chemistry Treatment Chemical Precursors Triage Considerations Decontamination Considerations Corrosive Materials Historical Background Activity and Chemistry Chemical Precursors Decontamination Considerations Chemical Asphyxiants Historical Background Activity and Chemistry Chemical Precursors Decontamination Considerations Incapacitating Agents Historical Background Activity and Chemistry Decontamination Considerations Riot Control Agents Lacrimators Vomiting Agents Use of CWAs or Weapons of Mass Destruction Philosophy Tactics Physiology and Medical Ethics Biological Agents Decontamination CHAPTER 14 Science Officers’ Guide Introduction The Decision-Making Process Effective Communication Applying Knowledge at a Hazardous Materials Event A.P.I.E. Process Analyze Planning Implementation Evaluation Comparing the Decision-Making Models Tactical Worksheet Elements Scene Considerations and Resources Monitoring and Detection Equipment Environmental Considerations Understanding Tactical Options Absorption Damming, Diking, and Diverting Retention Vapor Dispersion and Suppression Pressure and Containment Personal Protective Equipment Decontamination APPENDIX A FESHE Correlation Guide GLOSSARY INDEX