Dust in the Galactic Environment

Description

Dust in the Galactic Environment, Third Edition provides a thorough overview of the subject, covering general concepts, methods of investigation, important results and their significance, relevant literature, and some suggestions for promising avenues of future research. Major advances have been made in the last two decades in our understanding of astrophysical dust. These have been driven by discoveries arising from new observational facilities such as the Spitzer, Planck, and Herschel Space Telescopes, as well as important parallel developments in laboratory studies of cosmic and terrestrial analog materials. This new, expanded edition reviews these developments, summarizes the current state of the field, and considers possibilities for future advances, for example with the James Webb Space Telescope. It includes introductory material for new entrants to the field alongside detailed discussion for more advanced students and researchers. PRELIMS.pdf Preface Acknowledgments Author biography Doug Whittet CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Astrophysical Dust: An Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Methods of Investigation 1.2.1 Interstellar Extinction 1.2.2 The Reddening of Starlight 1.2.3 New Light in the Infrared 1.2.4 Interstellar Polarization 1.2.5 Spectral Features 1.2.6 Where the Atoms Went 1.2.7 Gathering It All Together: Mathematical Models 1.3 Interstellar Environments 1.3.1 The Physical State of the Interstellar Medium 1.3.2 Interstellar Clouds 1.3.3 H II Regions and Photodissociation Regions 1.3.4 The Interstellar Environment of the Solar System 1.4 Significance 1.4.1 From Cinderella to the Search for Origins 1.4.2 Dust in Astrochemistry 1.4.3 Dust as a Proxy for H2 1.4.4 Dust as the Universal Thermal Regulator 1.4.5 Dust and Stellar Evolution 1.4.6 Starbursts and Luminous Infrared Galaxies 1.4.7 Back to Basics References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 The Interaction of Dust and Electromagnetic Radiation 2.1 Extinction 2.1.1 Extinction by Spherical Particles 2.1.2 Small-Particle Approximations 2.1.3 Albedo, Scattering Function, and Asymmetry Parameter 2.1.4 Absorption Features 2.1.5 Modeling Composite Grains 2.2 Polarization 2.2.1 Extinction by Anisotropic Particles 2.2.2 Polarization Parameters 2.2.3 Polarization Efficiency 2.2.4 Circular Polarization 2.3 Infrared Emission 2.3.1 Equilibrium Dust Temperatures 2.3.2 Thermal Transients in Very Small Grains 2.3.3 Far-Infrared Continuum Emission and Dust Mass 2.3.4 The Emissivity Function 2.3.5 Polarized Emission 2.4 Grain Dynamics 2.4.1 Radiation Pressure 2.4.2 The Photoelectric Effect 2.4.3 Rotational Motion: Suprathermal Spin and Radiative Torques References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 The Observed Properties of Dust—I. Extinction 3.1 Observational Methods 3.2 General Extinction in the Diffuse ISM 3.2.1 The Average Extinction Curve 3.2.2 The Ratio of Total to Selective Extinction 3.2.3 Scattering 3.2.4 Power-Law Behavior in the Infrared 3.2.5 Neutral Extinction 3.2.6 The Dust-to-Gas Ratio 3.2.7 Mapping the Galactic Distribution 3.3 Spatial Variations in the Extinction Curve 3.3.1 Size-dependent Behavior 3.3.2 Empirical Formulations 3.3.3 Extinction in Other Galaxies 3.4 The “Bump” Feature 3.4.1 Overview of Observed Properties 3.4.2 A Constraint on Particle Size 3.4.3 Environmental Effects 3.4.4 Are the Bump and the FUV Rise Related? 3.4.5 Implications for the Identity of the Absorber 3.5 Discrete Structure in the Visible 3.5.1 Diffuse Interstellar Bands 3.5.2 Broadband Structure 3.6 Modeling the Extinction Curve 3.6.1 The Size Distribution 3.6.2 Composition and Structure References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 The Observed Properties of Dust—II. Polarization 4.1 Polarization and Magnetic Fields 4.1.1 Polarization Efficiency and Depolarization 4.1.2 Mapping Methodologies 4.1.3 Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds 4.1.4 Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way 4.2 Spectral Dependence and Environmental Sensitivity 4.2.1 Polarization and Extinction Curves Compared 4.2.2 The Serkowski Formula 4.2.3 Power-Law Behavior in the Infrared 4.2.4 Spectral Variations in Position Angle 4.2.5 Circular Polarization 4.2.6 Effect of Particle Size 4.2.7 Polarized Absorption Features 4.2.8 Modeling the Polarization Curve 4.3 Grain Alignment 4.3.1 General Principles of Magnetic Alignment 4.3.2 Paramagnetic Relaxation: The DG Mechanism 4.3.3 Superparamagnetic Alignment 4.3.4 Suprathermal Spin: The Purcell Mechanism 4.3.5 Radiative Alignment Torques 4.3.6 Mechanical Alignment: The Gold Mechanism 4.3.7 Alignment in Dense Clouds References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 The Observed Properties of Dust—III. Infrared Absorption Features 5.1 Basics of Infrared Spectroscopy 5.1.1 Vibrational Modes in Solids 5.1.2 Intrinsic Strengths 5.1.3 Observational Approach 5.2 The Diffuse ISM 5.2.1 Silicates 5.2.2 Silicon Carbide? 5.2.3 Hydrocarbons and Organic Refractory Matter 5.3 The Dense ISM 5.3.1 An Inventory of Interstellar Ices 5.3.2 Extinction Thresholds 5.3.3 Water and Ammonia: The 3 μm Profile 5.3.4 CO and CO2: Polar and Apolar Mantles 5.3.5 The 6.0 and 6.85 μm Features: A Potpourri 5.3.6 Refractory Dust in the Dense ISM References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 The Observed Properties of Dust—IV. Continuum and Line Emission 6.1 Galactic Infrared Continuum Emission 6.1.1 Morphology 6.1.2 Spectral Energy Distribution 6.1.3 Dust and Gas 6.2 Infrared Spectral Emission Features 6.2.1 Silicates 6.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 6.2.3 Fullerenes 6.3 Extended Red Emission References CH007.pdf Chapter 7 The Observed Properties of Dust—V. Element Depletions 7.1 The Condensible Elements 7.1.1 Origins 7.1.2 The Astration Cycle 7.1.3 The Solar Abundances 7.1.4 Abundances in Young Stars 7.1.5 Abundances from X-Ray Observations 7.1.6 Converging on a Standard 7.2 The Observed Depletions 7.2.1 Methods and Metrics 7.2.2 Average Depletions in the Milky Way 7.2.3 Correlation with Condensation Temperature 7.2.4 Depletions in Other Galaxies 7.3 Implications for Grain Composition 7.3.1 Carbon 7.3.2 Magnesium and Silicon 7.3.3 The Oxygen Crisis 7.3.4 Iron References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 The Life Cycle of Dust—I. Circumstellar Origins 8.1 Dust Formation in Stellar Outflows 8.1.1 Theoretical Basis 8.1.2 The C/O Ratio 8.1.3 Oxygen-rich Stars 8.1.4 Carbon Stars 8.1.5 Planetary Nebulae 8.1.6 Core-collapse Supernovae 8.1.7 Exploding White Dwarfs 8.2 Observations of Stardust 8.2.1 Infrared Continuum Emission 8.2.2 Infrared Spectral Features 8.2.3 Circumstellar Extinction 8.3 Stardust in Meteorites 8.3.1 Background 8.3.2 Composition and Origin: Carbon-rich Grains 8.3.3 Composition and Origin: Oxygen-rich Grains 8.3.4 Particle Sizes 8.4 Stars as Sources of Interstellar Grains 8.4.1 Mass Loss 8.4.2 Predicting the Size Distribution 8.4.3 Dust-to-Gas Ratios 8.4.4 Production and Destruction Timescales References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 The Life Cycle of Dust—II. From the ISM to Protostars and Planets 9.1 Processes in the Diffuse ISM 9.1.1 Grain–Grain Collisions 9.1.2 Sputtering 9.1.3 Metamorphosis 9.1.4 Surface Reactions and Molecule Formation 9.2 Processes in Dark Clouds 9.2.1 Gas-phase Chemistry 9.2.2 Mantle Growth and Surface Chemistry 9.2.3 The Surface Chemistry of CO 9.2.4 Depletion from the Gas 9.2.5 The Oxygen Crisis Revisited 9.3 Processes in Star Formation Regions 9.3.1 Birth Aggregates: From Quiescent Clouds to Starbursts 9.3.2 Thermal Processing 9.3.3 Energetic Processing 9.3.4 Chemistry in Hot Cores and Corinos 9.3.5 From Cores to Disks 9.3.6 Debris Disks 9.3.7 The Astrochemical Heritage of the Solar System References CH010.pdf Chapter 10 Conclusion 10.1 An Overview of Dust Populations 10.2 Future Prospects 10.2.1 The Origin and Structure of Refractory Dust 10.2.2 Ices and Organics in the Interstellar Medium and Protoplanetary Disks APPA.pdf Chapter A.1 Units and Constants A.2 Common Acronyms A.3 Physical, Chemical and Astrophysical Terms