The Link Between Obesity and Cancer

Description

The Link between Obesity and Cancer provides a comprehensive review on the relationship between obesity and cancer, presenting global perspectives on obesity and cancer incidence that are followed by in-depth discussions on cancers for which we have new evidence of a causal relationship with obesity. Readers will gain fundamental knowledge on which cancer types are related to obesity. In addition, this updated resource provides significant knowledge for clinicians on when to act, along with specific management guidelines for patients, as well as how to understand potential risk factors and how to directly or indirectly minimize these risks. The book also provides never-before-published scientific data for any researcher in the field, identifying molecular mechanisms and links behind the development of malignancy and promoting research in new and effective target pathways in developing therapeutic strategies. Front Cover The Link Between Obesity and Cancer Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Introduction: The obesity pandemic 1. Overview and definition of obesity 2. Brief prevalence of obesity 3. Epidemiological studies 4. Health consequences of obesity 5. Brief etiology of obesity 6. Cost of obesity 7. Goal of obesity research 8. Obesity and cancer References Chapter 2: Physiology of obesity and metabolism 1. Metabolism and energy balance 2. Regulation of energy balance 2.1. Physiologic control of energy intake 2.2. Physiologic control of energy expenditure 3. Regulation of metabolism 3.1. Glucose metabolism 3.2. Lipid metabolism 4. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ 4.1. Leptin 4.2. Adiponectin 5. Effects of obesity on energy balance 5.1. Metabolic syndrome 5.2. Insulin resistance 5.3. Theories on insulin resistance in obesity 6. Conclusion References Chapter 3: Structure and function of the cell 1. Cell signaling 1.1. Cell signaling mechanisms 1.2. Enzyme regulation of cell activity 1.3. Cell receptors and signal transduction 2. DNA replication and the cell cycle 2.1. DNA replication 2.2. Error detection and repair during replication 2.3. DNA damage and repair Base excision repair Nucleotide excision repair Single-stranded breaks Double-stranded breaks 2.4. Cell cycle regulation Overview of the cell cycle DNA damage response and the cell cycle Cell senescence 3. Conclusions References Chapter 4: The biology of cancer 1. Cancer transformation and tumor progression 1.1. Contributor to driver functions Self-sufficient growth signaling Growth suppressor insensitivity Cell death evasion Sustained angiogenesis Limitless replication potential Genomic instability Invasion and metastasis 1.2. Contributors to fostering functions Reprogramming of energy metabolism Evasion of immune destruction 2. Determinants of cancer risk 2.1. Cancer susceptibility of hereditary cancer syndromes 2.2. Non-hereditary cancer risk factors 3. Conclusions References Chapter 5: Obesity and correlation with cancer 1. Introduction 2. Proposed mechanisms 2.1. Sex hormone hypothesis 2.2. Insulin and IGF signaling 2.3. Adipokine pathophysiology and systemic inflammation 2.4. Kynurenines 3. Other possible mechanisms and influences 3.1. Migrating adipose stromal cells 3.2. Intestinal microbiome 3.3. Shared genetic susceptibility 3.4. Diet 4. Relationship between BMI and cancer (separated by types) 4.1. Breast cancer 4.2. Endometrial cancer 4.3. Ovarian cancer 4.4. Multiple myeloma 4.5. Pancreatic cancer 4.6. Esophagus-Adenocarcinoma Gastric cardia Colorectal Kidney Liver 5. Conclusion References Chapter 6: Obesity and breast cancer 1. Introduction 2. Epidemiology of breast cancer 2.1. Incidence and prevalence 2.2. Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status 3. Risk factors 3.1. Age 3.2. Female gender 3.3. White race 3.4. Age at menarche 3.5. Age at first pregnancy (full term) 3.6. Parity 3.7. Weight and body fat 3.8. Age at menopause 3.9. Exogenous hormones 3.10. Alcohol 3.11. Tobacco 4. Clinical presentation of breast cancer 5. Link between breast cancer and obesity 5.1. Biochemical mechanisms of the link between obesity and breast cancer 5.2. Adipokines 5.3. The NF-κB pathway 5.4. Sex steroid hormones 5.5. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism 6. Local and systemic inflammation 7. Obesity, anti-tumor immune cells, and poor prognosis 8. The microbiome References Chapter 7: Obesity and prostate cancer 1. Introduction 2. Epidemiology of obesity in relation to prostate cancer 3. Mechanisms by which obesity increases risk of prostate cancer 4. Conclusion References Chapter 8: Colorectal cancer and obesity 1. Introduction 2. Epidemiology 3. Methods of characterizing obesity 4. Prevention: Screening and early detection 4.1. Stool-based tests 4.2. Structural examinations 5. Obesity as a biologic actor 6. Metabolic effects of obesity in the promotion of cancer 7. Obesity, inflammation, and colorectal cancer 8. Symptoms and diagnosis of colorectal cancer 9. Obesity and colorectal cancer in women 10. Colorectal surgery and the obese patient 11. Outcomes of colorectal cancer in obese patients 12. Conclusion References Chapter 9: Kidney cancer and obesity 1. Introduction 2. Obesity 3. Adipokine pathways 4. Immune pathways 5. Genetic pathways 6. The obesity paradox 7. Conclusion References Chapter 10: Obesity and cancers of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas 1. Introduction 2. Liver cancer 2.1. Epidemiology and background 2.2. Presentation 2.3. Link to obesity 2.4. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis 2.5. Prevention 3. Gallbladder cancer 3.1. Epidemiology 3.2. Presentation 3.3. Link to obesity 3.4. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis 3.5. Prevention 4. Pancreatic cancer 4.1. Epidemiology and background 4.2. Presentation 4.3. Link to obesity 4.4. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis 4.5. Prevention References Chapter 11: Obesity and cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract 1. Incidence 2. Epidemiology and link to obesity 2.1. Symptoms 3. Management 4. Conclusion References Chapter 12: Obesity and head and neck cancer 1. Introduction 2. Epidemiology of head and neck cancer 2.1. Risk factors for head and neck cancer 2.2. HPV and head and neck cancer 2.3. Incidence of head and neck cancer 3. Symptoms of head and neck cancer 4. Link between head and neck cancer and obesity 4.1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 4.2. High-fat diet and head and neck cancer 5. Biochemical mechanisms of the link between obesity and HNC 5.1. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) 5.2. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) 5.3. HMG-CoA reductase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase 5.4. sPLA2 secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) 5.5. Adiponectin 5.6. Leptin 5.7. White adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation References Chapter 13: Obesity and brain tumors 1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis of obesity and CNS cancers 3. Obesity and brain tumor risk 4. Obesity and brain tumor prognosis 5. Obesity and pseudotumor cerebri 6. Hypothalamic obesity 7. Conclusions References Chapter 14: Obesity and thyroid cancer 1. Introduction 2. Studies supporting an association between obesity and thyroid cancer 3. Studies contradicting an association between excess body weight and thyroid cancer 4. Potential mechanisms involved in obesity-associated thyroid cancer 4.1. TSH 4.2. Insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia 4.3. Inflammation 4.4. Adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) 4.5. Estrogen 5. Interventional studies 6. Summary and conclusions References Chapter 15: Obesity biomarkers, pathways, and risk factors 1. Introduction 2. Risk factors 3. Biomarkers 3.1. Oxidative stress 3.2. Insulin 3.3. Adipokines 3.4. Adiponectin 3.5. Leptin 3.6. Resistin Omics 3.7. Epigenomic 3.8. Metabolomics Microbiomics 3.9. Proteomics 3.10. Transcriptomics 4. ``Omic´´ therapies and obesity prevention References Chapter 16: New and future prospects of obesity and cancer 1. Physiologic changes after bariatric surgery 2. How does obesity lead to higher cancer risk? 3. Does obesity negatively affect cancer prognosis? 4. Paradoxical effects: Obesity and cancer risk 5. Bariatric surgery: Reducing cancer risk 5.1. Breast 5.2. Colorectal 5.3. Uterine 5.4. Hepatocellular carcinoma 6. Bariatric surgery after cancer diagnosis: Considerations 7. Pediatric obesity and cancer 8. Conclusions References Further reading Index Back Cover