The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice from the Nineteenth Century to the Present

Description

How should the international community react when a government transgresses humanitarian norms and violates the human rights of its own nationals? And where does the responsibility lie to protect people from such acts of violation? In this profound study, Fabian Klose unites a team of leading scholars to investigate some of the most complex and controversial debates regarding the legitimacy of protecting humanitarian norms and universal human rights by non-violent and violent means. Charting the development of humanitarian intervention from its origins in the nineteenth century through to the present day, the book surveys the philosophical and legal rationales of enforcing humanitarian norms by military means, and how attitudes to military intervention on humanitarian grounds have changed over the course of three centuries. Drawing from a wide range of disciplines, the authors lend a fresh perspective to contemporary dilemmas using case studies from Europe, the United States, Africa and Asia. Cover Half-title Series information Title page Copyright information Table of contents List of figures and tables List of contributors Acknowledgements 1 The emergence of humanitarian intervention: three centuries of ‘enforcing humanity’ The dilemma of intervention: a historical and recent political debate A short- or long-term history of humanitarian intervention? Definition and the state of research Three centuries of humanitarian intervention: guiding research themes and outline of the book Part I Theoretical approach and legal discourse on the concept of humanitarian intervention 2 Humanitarianism and human rights: a troubled rapport The care of human society Returning to the Millennium Report and the problem of humanitarian intervention 3 Humanitarian intervention and the issue of state sovereignty in the discourse of legal experts between the 1830s and the First World War Armed intervention, the United Nations, and legal roots of the present-day debate Legal experts favourable to humanitarian intervention and critical of an unrestricted state sovereignty Legal experts critical of humanitarian intervention Conclusion 4 The legal justification of international intervention: theories of community and admissibility The possibility of a right against a right Humanitarian intervention and the protection of religious minorities Intervention politics and admissible intervention Conclusion Part II Fighting the slave trade and protecting religious minorities: major impulses for humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century 5 Enforcing abolition: the entanglement of civil society action, humanitarian norm-setting, and military intervention Demanding intervention: the entanglement of civil society action and international politics The Congress of Vienna and the establishment of an international humanitarian norm The struggle for the international enforcement of abolition Conclusion 6 Lord Vivian’s tears: the moral hazards of humanitarian intervention The perils of service in Congo The moral hazards of ending the slave trade Conclusion: the moral hazards of humanitarian intervention 7 From protection to humanitarian intervention? Enforcing Jewish rights in Romania and Morocco around 1880 Defending the defenceless: Jewish rights and the obligations of humanity Parallel problems, different resonances: Jews in the Balkans and North Africa Between protection and humanitarian intervention: the Congress of Berlin and the Conference of Madrid Part III Transferring a concept to the twentieth century 8 Prudence or outrage? Public opinion and humanitarian intervention in historical and comparative perspective Understanding the basics: public opinion and foreign policy Public opinion and the origins of humanitarian thought The Greek crisis and the rise of the humanitarian debate The Castlereagh response: elite consensus and latent public opinion The Chios massacre, crisis duration, and the changing political and strategic landscape The splendid little war: The Spanish-American War of 1898 We don’t have a dog in that fight: the Bosnian War, 1992-1995 Conclusion 9 Non-state actors’ humanitarian operations in the aftermath of the First World War: the case of the Near East Relief The Near East Relief, an American humanitarian organization Conclusion: from the NER to the NEF 10 Humanitarian intervention as legitimation of violence - the German case 1937-1939 Austria The Sudeten Germans in Czechoslovakia Prague, Danzig, the Corridor, and Poland Conclusion Part IV Limited options or further development? Humanitarian intervention during the Cold War 11 Cold War peacekeeping versus humanitarian intervention: beyond the Hammarskjöldian model The pre-UN origins of international peacekeeping Bipolarity and the limitations of collective security The 1950s: peacekeeping conceptualized The Congo experience: probing the borders of ENFORCEMENT West New Guinea: the variable morality of intervention Beyond the Hammarskjöldian model: a good place to be? 12 From the protection of sovereignty to humanitarian intervention? Traditions and developments of United Nations Peacekeeping in the twentieth century Problems of defining peacekeeping and humanitarian intervention UN peacekeeping: an overview Facets of UN Blue Helmet operations during the Cold War Site of intervention Reaction of the targeted state vis-à-vis intervention Type of action Aims of intervention Gradual transition: post-Cold War peacekeeping A DIFFERENT path: the example of Canada Conclusion Part V A new century of humanitarian intervention? 13 A not so humanitarian intervention The Indonesian invasion of East Timor and international response The vote and intervention Conclusion 14 The responsibility to protect: foundation, transformation, and application of an emerging norm Conceptual foundation Conceptual transformation Empirical application Conclusion 15 Humanitarian interventions, past and present Index